Muons in air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory: Measurement of atmospheric production depth
A. AabUniversität Siegen, Siegen, GermanyP. AbreuLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP) and Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa (UL), Lisbon, PortugalM. AgliettaOsservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Universitá di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, ItalyM. AhlersUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USAE. J. AhnFermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USAI. Al SamaraiInstitut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, FranceI. F. M. AlbuquerqueUniversidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilI. AllekotteCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaJ. AllenNew York University, New York, New York, USAP. AllisonOhio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USAA. AlmelaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaJ. Alvarez CastilloUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, México, D.F., MexicoJaime Álvarez-MuñizUniversidad de Santiago de Compostela, SpainRafael Alves BatistaUniversität Hamburg, Hamburg, GermanyM. AmbrosioUniversità di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, ItalyA. AminaeiIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, NetherlandsLuis A. AnchordoquiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, New York, USAS. AndringaLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP) and Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa (UL), Lisbon, PortugalC. AramoUniversità di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, ItalyF. ArquerosUniversidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, SpainH. AsoreyCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaP. AssisLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP) and Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa (UL), Lisbon, PortugalJ. AublinLaboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, FranceM. AveUniversidad de Santiago de Compostela, SpainM. AvenierLaboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, FranceG. ÁvilaObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaAlina Mihaela BadescuUniversity Politehnica of Bucharest, RomaniaK. B. BarberUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaJ. BäumlKarlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, GermanyC. BausKarlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, GermanyJ. J. BeattyOhio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USAK. BeckerBergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, GermanyJose A. BellidoUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaC. BératLaboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, FranceX. BertouCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaPeter L. BiermannMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, GermanyP. BilloirLaboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, FranceF. BlancoUniversidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, SpainC. BleveBergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, GermanyH. BlümerKarlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, GermanyM. BoháčováInstitute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech RepublicDenise BoncioliINFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L’Aquila), ItalyC. BonifaziUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilR. BoninoOsservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Universitá di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, ItalyNataliia BorodaiInstitute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, PolandJ. BrackColorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USAI. M. Brancus“Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, RomaniaP. BrogueiraLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP) and Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa (UL), Lisbon, PortugalW. C. BrownColorado State University, Pueblo, Colorado, USAP. BuchholzUniversität Siegen, Siegen, GermanyA. BuenoUniversidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, SpainMario BuscemiUniversità di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, ItalyK. S. Caballero‐MoraCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), México, D.F., MexicoB. CaccianigaUniversità di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, ItalyLorenzo CaccianigaLaboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, FranceM. CandussoUniversità di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and Sezione INFN, Roma, ItalyL. CarameteMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, GermanyR. CarusoUniversità di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, ItalyA. CastellinaOsservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Universitá di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, ItalyG. CataldiDipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, ItalyLorenzo CazonLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP) and Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa (UL), Lisbon, PortugalR. CesterUniversità di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, ItalyA. G. ChavezUniversidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan, MexicoS. H. ChengPennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USAA. ChiavassaOsservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Universitá di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, ItalyC. DobrigkeitUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, BrazilJ. ChudobaInstitute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech RepublicM. CilmoUniversità di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, ItalyR. W. ClayUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaG. CoccioloDipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, ItalyRoberta ColalilloUniversità di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, ItalyL. CollicaUniversità di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, ItalyM. R. ColucciaDipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, ItalyR. ConceiçãoLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP) and Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa (UL), Lisbon, PortugalF. ContrerasObservatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, ArgentinaM. J. CooperUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaS. CoutuPennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USAC. E. CovaultCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USAA. CrissPennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USAJ. CroninUniversity of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USAA. CurutiuMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, GermanyR. DallierSUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, FranceB. DanielUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, BrazilS. DassoDepartamento de Física, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires y CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaK. DaumillerKarlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, GermanyB. R. DawsonUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaR. M. de AlmeidaUniversidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilManlio De DomenicoUniversità di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, ItalyS. J. de JongIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, NetherlandsJ. R. T. de Mello NetoUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilI. De MitriDipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, ItalyJaime de OliveiraUniversidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilV. de SouzaUniversidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, BrazilL. del PeralUniversidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, SpainO. DelignyInstitut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, FranceH.-P. DembinskiKarlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, GermanyN. DhitalMichigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USAC. Di GiulioUniversità di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and Sezione INFN, Roma, ItalyA. di MatteoDipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche dell’Università dell’Aquila and INFN, L’Aquila, Italy
2014en
ABI
Аннотация
The surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory provides information about the longitudinal development of the muonic component of extensive air showers. Using the timing information from the flash analog-to-digital converter traces of surface detectors far from the shower core, it is possible to reconstruct a muon production depth distribution. We characterize the goodness of this reconstruction for zenith angles around 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and different energies of the primary particle. From these distributions, we define ${X}_{\mathrm{max}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ as the depth along the shower axis where the production of muons reaches maximum. We explore the potentiality of ${X}_{\mathrm{max}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ as a useful observable to infer the mass composition of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays. Likewise, we assess its ability to constrain hadronic interaction models.
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