Impact of atmospheric effects on the energy reconstruction of air showers observed by the surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory
A. AabInstitute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, NetherlandsP. AbreuLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, PortugalM. AgliettaINFN, Sezione di Torino, ItalyI. Al SamaraiLaboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, FranceI. F. M. AlbuquerqueUniversidade de São Paulo, Inst. de Física, São Paulo, BrazilI. AllekotteCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), ArgentinaA. AlmelaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, ArgentinaJ. Alvarez CastilloUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, MéxicoJaime Álvarez-MuñizUniversidad de Santiago de Compostela, SpainGioacchino Alex AnastasiGran Sasso Science Institute (INFN), L'Aquila, ItalyLuis A. AnchordoquiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, U.S.ABelén AndradaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, ArgentinaS. AndringaLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, PortugalC. AramoINFN, Sezione di Napoli, ItalyF. ArquerosUniversidad Complutense de Madrid, SpainN. ArseneUniversity of Bucharest, Physics Department, RomaniaH. AsoreyCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), ArgentinaP. AssisLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, PortugalJ. AublinLaboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, FranceG. ÁvilaObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, ArgentinaAlina Mihaela BadescuUniversity Politehnica of Bucharest, RomaniaA. Balaceanu“Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, RomaniaRicardo Jorge Barreira LuzLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, PortugalC. BausKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), GermanyJ. J. BeattyOhio State University, U.S.AK. BeckerBergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, GermanyJose A. BellidoUniversity of Adelaide, AustraliaCorinne BératLaboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, FranceM. E. BertainaINFN, Sezione di Torino, ItalyX. BertouCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), ArgentinaPeter L. BiermannMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, GermanyP. BilloirLaboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, FranceJonathan BiteauInstitut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris/Saclay, CNRS-IN2P3, France, FranceS. G. BlaessUniversity of Adelaide, AustraliaA. BlancoLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, PortugalJiří BlažekInstitute of Physics (FZU) of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech RepublicC. BleveINFN, Sezione di Lecce, ItalyM. BoháčováInstitute of Physics (FZU) of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech RepublicDenise BoncioliINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, ItalyC. BonifaziUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Física, BrazilNataliia BorodaiAna Martina BottiInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, ArgentinaJ. BrackColorado State University, U.S.AI.M. Brâncuş“Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, RomaniaT. BretzRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, GermanyA. BridgemanKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), GermanyF. L. BriechleRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, GermanyP. BuchholzUniversität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik – Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, GermanyA. BuenoUniversidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., SpainS. BuitinkInstitute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, NetherlandsMario BuscemiINFN, Sezione di Catania, ItalyK. S. Caballero‐MoraUniversidad Autónoma de Chiapas, MéxicoLorenzo CaccianigaUniversità di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, ItalyA. CancioInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, ArgentinaF. CanforaInstitute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, NetherlandsL. CarameteInstitute of Space Science, RomaniaR. CarusoINFN, Sezione di Catania, ItalyA. CastellinaINFN, Sezione di Torino, ItalyG. CataldiINFN, Sezione di Lecce, ItalyLorenzo CazonLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, PortugalA. G. ChavezUniversidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, MéxicoC. DobrigkeitUniversidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), BrazilJ. ChudobaInstitute of Physics (FZU) of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech RepublicR. W. ClayUniversity of Adelaide, AustraliaRoberta ColalilloINFN, Sezione di Napoli, ItalyAlan ColemanPennsylvania State University, U.S.AL. CollicaINFN, Sezione di Torino, ItalyM. R. ColucciaINFN, Sezione di Lecce, ItalyR. ConceiçãoLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, PortugalF. ContrerasObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, ArgentinaM. J. CooperUniversity of Adelaide, AustraliaS. CoutuPennsylvania State University, U.S.AC. E. CovaultCase Western Reserve University, U.S.AA. CrissPennsylvania State University, U.S.AJ. CroninUniversity of Chicago, U.S.AS. D’AmicoINFN, Sezione di Lecce, ItalyB. DanielUniversidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), BrazilS. DassoDepartamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, ArgentinaK. DaumillerKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), GermanyB. R. DawsonUniversity of Adelaide, AustraliaR. M. de AlmeidaUniversidade Federal Fluminense, BrazilS. J. de JongInstitute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, NetherlandsG. De MauroInstitute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, NetherlandsJ.R.T. de Mello NetoUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Física, BrazilI. De MitriINFN, Sezione di Lecce, ItalyJaime de OliveiraUniversidade Federal Fluminense, BrazilV. de SouzaUniversidade de São Paulo, Inst. de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, BrazilJ. DebatinKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), GermanyO. DelignyInstitut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris/Saclay, CNRS-IN2P3, France, FranceC. Di GiulioINFN, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata”, ItalyA. di MatteoINFN, Gruppo Collegato dell'Aquila, ItalyM. L. Díaz CastroUniversidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), BrazilF. DiogoLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, PortugalC. DobrigkeitUniversidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), BrazilJ. C. D’OlivoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, MéxicoR. C. dos AnjosUniversidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, BrazilM. T. DovaIFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, ArgentinaA. DundovicUniversität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, GermanyJan EbrInstitute of Physics (FZU) of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech RepublicR. EngelKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
2017en
ABI
Аннотация
Atmospheric conditions, such as the pressure (P), temperature (T) or air density (ρ∞P/T), affect the development of extended air showers initiated by energetic cosmic rays. We study the impact of the atmospheric variations on the reconstruction of air showers with data from the arrays of surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory, considering separately the one with detector spacings of 1500m and the one with 750m spacing. We observe modulations in the event rates that are due to the influence of the air density and pressure variations on the measured signals, from which the energy estimators are obtained. We show how the energy assignment can be corrected to account for such atmospheric effects.
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