Обзорная статья

Pollution and health: a progress update

Richard FullerGlobal Alliance on Health and Pollution, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: [email protected]Philip J. LandriganGlobal Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USAKalpana BalakrishnanDepartment of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, IndiaGlynda BathanStephan Böse‐O’ReillyInstitute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Munich, GermanyMichael BräuerSchool of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CanadaJack CaravanosEnvironmental Public Health Sciences, School of Global Health, New York University, New York, NY, USATom ChilesBiology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USAAaron CohenHealth Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USALilian CorraGlobal Alliance on Health and Pollution, Geneva, SwitzerlandMaureen CropperDepartment of Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USAGregory L. FerraroPure Earth, New York, NY, USAJ. L. HannaGlobal Alliance on Health and Pollution, Geneva, SwitzerlandDavid HanrahanPure Earth, New York, NY, USAHoward HuDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USADavid HunterTranslational Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKGloria JanataRachael KupkaGlobal Alliance on Health and Pollution, Geneva, SwitzerlandBruce P. LanphearFaculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, CanadaMaureen Y. LichtveldEnvironmental and Occupational Health Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USAKeith MartinConsortium of Universities for Global Health, Washington, DC, USAAdetoun MustaphaNigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, NigeriaErnesto Sánchez-TrianaGlobal Practice on Environment and Natural Resources, The World Bank, Washington, DC, USAKarti SandilyaGlobal Alliance on Health and Pollution, Geneva, SwitzerlandLaura SchaefliGlobal Alliance on Health and Pollution, Geneva, SwitzerlandJoseph R. ShawO'Neil School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USAJessica SeddonAir Quality, Ross Center, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, USAWilliam A. SukHazardous Substances Research Branch, Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USAMartha María Téllez‐RojoCentro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Avenida Universidad, Cuernavaca, MexicoChonghuai YanMinistry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

2022en

ABI

Аннотация

The Lancet Commission on pollution and health reported that pollution was responsible for 9 million premature deaths in 2015, making it the world's largest environmental risk factor for disease and premature death. We have now updated this estimate using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuriaes, and Risk Factors Study 2019. We find that pollution remains responsible for approximately 9 million deaths per year, corresponding to one in six deaths worldwide. Reductions have occurred in the number of deaths attributable to the types of pollution associated with extreme poverty. However, these reductions in deaths from household air pollution and water pollution are offset by increased deaths attributable to ambient air pollution and toxic chemical pollution (ie, lead). Deaths from these modern pollution risk factors, which are the unintended consequence of industrialisation and urbanisation, have risen by 7% since 2015 and by over 66% since 2000. Despite ongoing efforts by UN agencies, committed groups, committed individuals, and some national governments (mostly in high-income countries), little real progress against pollution can be identified overall, particularly in the low-income and middle-income countries, where pollution is most severe. Urgent attention is needed to control pollution and prevent pollution-related disease, with an emphasis on air pollution and lead poisoning, and a stronger focus on hazardous chemical pollution. Pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss are closely linked. Successful control of these conjoined threats requires a globally supported, formal science-policy interface to inform intervention, influence research, and guide funding. Pollution has typically been viewed as a local issue to be addressed through subnational and national regulation or, occasionally, using regional policy in higher-income countries. Now, however, it is increasingly clear that pollution is a planetary threat, and that its drivers, its dispersion, and its effects on health transcend local boundaries and demand a global response. Global action on all major modern pollutants is needed. Global efforts can synergise with other global environmental policy programmes, especially as a large-scale, rapid transition away from all fossil fuels to clean, renewable energy is an effective strategy for preventing pollution while also slowing down climate change, and thus achieves a double benefit for planetary health.

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DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00090-0

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