Measurement of the Depth of Maximum of Extensive Air Showers above<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mn>18</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>eV</mml:mi></mml:math>
J. AbrahamNational Technological University, Faculty Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, ArgentinaP. AbreuUniversity of Lisbon, Lisbon, PortugalM. AgliettaUniversity of Turin, Turin, ItalyE. J. AhnFermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USAD. AllardUniversité Paris Cité, Paris, FranceI. AllekotteConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaJeff AllenNew York University, New York, United StatesJaime Álvarez-MuñizNew York University, New York, United StatesM. AmbrosioUniversity of Naples Federico II, Naples, ItalyLuis A. AnchordoquiUniversity of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, United StatesS. AndringaUniversity of Lisbon, Lisbon, PortugalT. AntičićConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaA. AnzaloneNational Institute for Astrophysics, Rome, ItalyC. AramoUniversity of Naples Federico II, Naples, ItalyE. ArgandaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, SpainK. ArisakaUniversity of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United StatesF. ArquerosUniversidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, SpainH. AsoreyConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaP. AssisUniversity of Lisbon, Lisbon, PortugalJ. AublinSorbonne Université, Paris, FranceM. AveUniversity of Chicago, Chicago, United StatesG. ÁvilaT. BäckerUniversité Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, FranceD. BadagnaniUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, ArgentinaM. BalzerKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyK. B. BarberA.F. BarbosaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, SpainS. L. C. BarrosoB. M. BaughmanThe Ohio State University, Columbus, United StatesP. BauleoColorado State University, Fort Collins, United StatesJ. J. BeattyB. R. BeckerColorado State University, Fort Collins, United StatesK. BeckerA. BellétoileJose A. BellidoColorado State University, Fort Collins, United StatesS. BenZviUniversity of Catania, Catania, ItalyC. BératUniversité Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, FranceT. BergmannKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, GermanyX. BertouCentro Ato ´mico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaPeter L. BiermannP. BilloirSorbonne Université, Paris, FranceO. Blanch-BigasSorbonne Université, Paris, FranceF. BlancoUniversidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, SpainC. BleveIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Rome, ItalyH. BlümerUniversité Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, FranceM. BoháčováConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDenise BoncioliUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, ItalyC. BonifaziSorbonne Université, Paris, FranceR. BoninoUniversity of Turin, Turin, ItalyNataliia BorodaiPolish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, PolandJ. BrackColorado State University, Fort Collins, United StatesP. BrogueiraUniversity of Lisbon, Lisbon, PortugalW. C. BrownR. BruijnUniversity of Leeds, Leeds, United KingdomP. BuchholzUniversity of Siegen, Siegen, GermanyA. BuenoUniversidad de Granada, Granada, SpainR. E. BurtonNicolás G. BuscaUniversity of Lisbon, Lisbon, PortugalK. S. Caballero‐MoraL. CarameteMax Planck Society, Munich, GermanyR. CarusoUniversity of Catania, Catania, ItalyA. CastellinaUniversity of Turin, Turin, ItalyO. CatalanoNational Institute for Astrophysics, Rome, ItalyG. CataldiUniversity of Salento, Lecce, ItalyLorenzo CazonUniversity of Lisbon, Lisbon, PortugalR. CesterUniversité Paris-Sud, Orsay, FranceJ. ChauvinUniversité Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, FranceA. ChiavassaUniversity of Turin, Turin, ItalyC. DobrigkeitUniversity of Chicago, Chicago, United StatesA. ChouNew York University, New York, United StatesJ. ChudobaCzech Academy of Sciences, Prague, CzechiaR. W. ClayE. ColomboConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaM. R. ColucciaR. ConceiçãoUniversité Paris-Sud, Orsay, FranceF. ContrerasH. CookUniversity of Leeds, Leeds, United KingdomM. J. CooperJ. CoppensRadboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsA. CordierUniversité Paris-Sud, Orsay, FranceU. CottiMax Planck Society, Munich, GermanyS. CoutuPennsylvania State University, State College, United StatesC. E. CovaultA. CreusotA. CrissPennsylvania State University, State College, United StatesJ. CroninUniversity of Chicago, Chicago, United StatesA. CurutiuMax Planck Society, Munich, GermanyS. Dagoret-CampagneUniversité Paris-Sud, Orsay, FranceR. DallierUniversité Paris-Sud, Orsay, FranceK. DaumillerUniversity of Leeds, Leeds, United KingdomB. R. DawsonUniversity of Leeds, Leeds, United KingdomR. M. de AlmeidaManlio De DomenicoUniversité Paris-Sud, Orsay, FranceC. De DonatoUniversité Paris-Sud, Orsay, FranceS. J. de JongG. De La VegaUniversité Paris-Sud, Orsay, FranceW. J. M. de MelloJ. R. T. de Mello NetoI. De MitriMax Planck Society, Munich, Germany
2010lv
ABI
Аннотация
We describe the measurement of the depth of maximum, ${X}_{\mathrm{max}}$, of the longitudinal development of air showers induced by cosmic rays. Almost 4000 events above ${10}^{18}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$ observed by the fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory in coincidence with at least one surface detector station are selected for the analysis. The average shower maximum was found to evolve with energy at a rate of $({106}_{\ensuremath{-}21}^{+35})\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{\text{decade}}$ below ${10}^{18.24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$, and $(24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{\text{decade}}$ above this energy. The measured shower-to-shower fluctuations decrease from about 55 to $26\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The interpretation of these results in terms of the cosmic ray mass composition is briefly discussed.
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