Event-by-event reconstruction of the shower maximum $X_{\mathrm{max}}$ with the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory using deep learning

The measurement of the mass composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays constitutes a prime challenge in astroparticle physics. Most detailed information on the composition can be obtained from measurements of the depth of maximum of air showers, $X_{\mathrm{max}}$, with the use of fluorescence telescopes, which can be operated only during clear and moonless nights. Using deep neural networks, it is now possible for the first time to perform an event-by-event reconstruction of $X_{\mathrm{max}}$ with the Surface Detector (SD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Therefore, previously recorded data can be analyzed for information on $X_{\mathrm{max}}$, and thus, the cosmic-ray composition. Since the SD operates with a duty cycle of almost $100\%$ and its event selection is less strict than for the Fluorescence Detector (FD), the gain in statistics with respect to the FD is almost a factor of 15 for energies above $10^{19.5}~\mathrm{eV}$. In this contribution, we introduce the neural network particularly designed for the SD of the Pierre Auger Observatory. We evaluate its performance using three different hadronic interaction models, verify its functionality using Auger hybrid measurements, and find that the method can extract mass information on an event level.

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