Constraining the sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays across and above the ankle with the spectrum and composition data measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory
A. Abdul HalimUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaP. AbreuLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, Lisboa, PortugalM. AgliettaINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyI. AllekotteCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaK. Almeida CheminantInstitute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, PolandA. AlmelaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaJ. Alvarez-MuñizInstituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, SpainJ. Ammerman YebraInstituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, SpainG.A. AnastasiINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyL. AnchordoquiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, USAB. AndradaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaS. AndringaLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, Lisboa, PortugalC. AramoINFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, ItalyP.R. Araújo FerreiraRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyE. ArnoneINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyJ.C. Arteaga VelázquezUniversidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, MéxicoH. AsoreyInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaP. AssisLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, Lisboa, PortugalG. AvilaObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaE. AvoconeINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), ItalyA.M. BadescuUniversity Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, RomaniaA. BakalovaInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicA. Balaceanu“Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, RomaniaF. BarbatoGran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, ItalyJ.A. BellidoUniversidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Arequipa, PeruC. BeratUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, FranceM.E. BertainaINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyG. BhattaInstitute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, PolandP.L. BiermannV. BinetInstituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR) – CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, ArgentinaK. BismarkInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaT. BisterRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyJ. BiteauUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, FranceJ. BlazekInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicC. BleveUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, FranceJ. BlümerKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyM. BoháčováInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicD. BoncioliINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), ItalyC. BonifaziInternational Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, ECyT-UNSAM and CONICET, Campus Miguelete – San Martín, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaL. Bonneau ArbeletcheUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilN. BorodaiInstitute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, PolandJ. BrackT. BretzRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyP.G. Brichetto OrcheraInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaF.L. BriechleRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyP. BuchholzUniversität Siegen, Department Physik – Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, GermanyA. BuenoUniversidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, SpainS. BuitinkVrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, BelgiumM. BuscemiINFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, ItalyM. BüskenInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaA. BwembyaIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsK.S. Caballero-MoraUniversidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, MéxicoL. CaccianigaINFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, ItalyI. CaracasBergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyR. CarusoINFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, ItalyA. CastellinaINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyF. CatalaniUniversidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, SP, BrazilG. CataldiINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyL. CazonInstituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, SpainM. CerdaObservatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, ArgentinaJ.A. ChinellatoUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilJ. ChudobaInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicL. ChytkaPalacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech RepublicR.W. ClayUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaA.C. Cobos CeruttiInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional – Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, ArgentinaR. ColalilloINFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, ItalyA. ColemanUniversity of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, DE, USAM.R. ColucciaINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyR. ConceiçãoLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, Lisboa, PortugalA. CondorelliUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, FranceG. ConsolatiINFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, ItalyM. ConteINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyF. ContrerasObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaF. ConvengaKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyD. Correia dos SantosUniversidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, BrazilC.E. CovaultCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USAM. CristinzianiUniversität Siegen, Department Physik – Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, GermanyC.S. Cruz SanchezIFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, ArgentinaS. DassoDepartamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaK. DaumillerKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyB.R. DawsonUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaR.M. de AlmeidaUniversidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, BrazilJ. de JesúsInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaS.J. de JongIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsJ.R.T. de Mello NetoUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilI. De MitriGran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, ItalyJ. de OliveiraInstituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), BrazilD. de Oliveira FrancoUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilF. de PalmaINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyV. de SouzaUniversidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, BrazilE. De VitoINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyA. Del PopoloINFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, ItalyO. DelignyCNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, FranceL. DevalInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaA. di MatteoINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyM. Dobre“Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, RomaniaC. DobrigkeitUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilJ.C. D'OlivoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., MéxicoL.M. Domingues MendesLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, Lisboa, PortugalR.C. dos AnjosUniversidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, Brazil
2023en
ABI
Аннотация
Abstract In this work we present the interpretation of the energy spectrum and mass composition data as measured by the Pierre Auger Collaboration above 6 × 10 17 eV. We use an astrophysical model with two extragalactic source populations to model the hardening of the cosmic-ray flux at around 5 × 10 18 eV (the so-called “ankle” feature) as a transition between these two components. We find our data to be well reproduced if sources above the ankle emit a mixed composition with a hard spectrum and a low rigidity cutoff. The component below the ankle is required to have a very soft spectrum and a mix of protons and intermediate-mass nuclei. The origin of this intermediate-mass component is not well constrained and it could originate from either Galactic or extragalactic sources. To the aim of evaluating our capability to constrain astrophysical models, we discuss the impact on the fit results of the main experimental systematic uncertainties and of the assumptions about quantities affecting the air shower development as well as the propagation and redshift distribution of injected ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs).
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