Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using <i>Planck</i>, WMAP, and BICEP/<i>Keck</i> Observations through the 2018 Observing Season
P. A. R. AdeSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United KingdomZ. AhmedKavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, USAM. AmiriDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, CanadaD. BarkatsCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAR. Basu ThakurDepartment of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USAC. A. BischoffDepartment of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USAD. BeckDepartment of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USAJ. J. BockDepartment of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USAH. BoenishCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAE. BullockMinnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USAV. BuzaKavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USAJ. R. CheshireMinnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USAJ. ConnorsCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAJ. CornelisonCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAM. CrumrineSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USAA. CukiermanDepartment of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USAE. V. DenisonNational Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USAM. DierickxCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAL. DubandService des Basses Températures, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble, FranceM. EibenCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAS. FatigoniDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, CanadaJ. P. FilippiniDepartment of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USAS. FliescherSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USAN. Goeckner-WaldDepartment of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USAD. C. GoldfingerCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAJ. GraysonDepartment of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USAP. GrimesCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAG. HallSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USAG. HalalDepartment of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USAM. HalpernDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, CanadaE. HandDepartment of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USAS. HarrisonCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAS. HendersonKavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, USAS. R. HildebrandtDepartment of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USAG. C. HiltonNational Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USAJ. HubmayrNational Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USAH. HuiDepartment of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USAK. D. IrwinDepartment of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USAJ. KangDepartment of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USAK. S. KarkareCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAE. KarpelDepartment of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USAS. KefeliDepartment of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USAS. A. KernasovskiyDepartment of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USAJ. M. KovacCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAC. L. KuoDepartment of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USAK. LauSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USAE. M. LeitchKavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USAA. LennoxDepartment of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USAK. G. MegerianJet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91109, USAL. MinutoloDepartment of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USAL. MoncelsiDepartment of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USAY. NakatoDepartment of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USAT. NamikawaKavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, JapanH. T. NguyenJet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91109, USAR. O’BrientDepartment of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USAR. W. OgburnDepartment of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USAS. PalladinoDepartment of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USAT. ProuveService des Basses Températures, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble, FranceC. PrykeMinnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USAB. RacineCenter for Astrophysics Harvard & SmithsonianC. D. ReintsemaNational Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USAS. RichterCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAA. SchillaciDepartment of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USAR. SchwarzSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USAB. L. SchmittCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAC. D. SheehyPhysics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USAA. SolimanDepartment of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USAT. St. GermaineCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAB. SteinbachDepartment of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USAR. V. SudiwalaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United KingdomG. P. TeplyDepartment of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USAK. L. ThompsonDepartment of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USAJ. E. TolanDepartment of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USAC. TuckerSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United KingdomA. D. TurnerJet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91109, USAC. UmiltàDepartment of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USAC. VergèsCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAA. G. ViereggDepartment of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USAA. WanduiDepartment of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USAA. C. WeberJet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91109, USAD. V. WiebeDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, CanadaJ. WillmertSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USAC. L. WongCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAW. L. K. WuKavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, USAH. YangDepartment of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USAK. W. YoonDepartment of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USAE. YoungDepartment of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USAC. YuDepartment of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USAL. ZengCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAC. ZhangDepartment of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USAS. ZhangDepartment of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
2021en
ABI
Аннотация
We present results from an analysis of all data taken by the BICEP2, Keck Array, and BICEP3 CMB polarization experiments up to and including the 2018 observing season. We add additional Keck Array observations at 220 GHz and BICEP3 observations at 95 GHz to the previous 95/150/220 GHz dataset. The Q/U maps now reach depths of 2.8, 2.8, and 8.8 μK_{CMB} arcmin at 95, 150, and 220 GHz, respectively, over an effective area of ≈600 square degrees at 95 GHz and ≈400 square degrees at 150 and 220 GHz. The 220 GHz maps now achieve a signal-to-noise ratio on polarized dust emission exceeding that of Planck at 353 GHz. We take auto- and cross-spectra between these maps and publicly available WMAP and Planck maps at frequencies from 23 to 353 GHz and evaluate the joint likelihood of the spectra versus a multicomponent model of lensed ΛCDM+r+dust+synchrotron+noise. The foreground model has seven parameters, and no longer requires a prior on the frequency spectral index of the dust emission taken from measurements on other regions of the sky. This model is an adequate description of the data at the current noise levels. The likelihood analysis yields the constraint r_{0.05}<0.036 at 95% confidence. Running maximum likelihood search on simulations we obtain unbiased results and find that σ(r)=0.009. These are the strongest constraints to date on primordial gravitational waves.
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