Selective regulation of product generation from CO2 hydrogenation on Pd-based catalysts: A critical review from a pathway perspective

Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a major greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming, making its efficient capture and conversion to valuable organic chemicals vital for mitigating climate change and promoting a sustainable, low-carbon economy. Heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation has emerged as a pivotal method for CO 2 conversion, allowing for the effective transformation of CO 2 through the oxidation of hydrogen (H 2 ). This technology can form formic acid (HCOOH) at its gas-liquid-solid interface, and it also can enable selective generation of higher-value one-carbon chemicals: carbon monoxide (CO), methanol (CH 3 OH), and methane (CH 4 ). Among potential catalysts, palladium (Pd) has garnered significant attention due to its activity, selectivity, and stability. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the mechanisms by which Pd-based catalysts enable catalytic hydrogenation of CO 2 , leading to the production of CO, CH 3 OH, CH 4 , and HCOOH. Critical factors include the reaction temperature, catalyst supports, and the composition of the Pd-based bimetallic catalyst. These factors affect reaction mechanisms and product selectivity. This review will help optimize catalyst design, preparation methods, and reaction conditions, thereby advancing the development of sustainable chemical processes that can significantly reduce atmospheric CO 2 levels.

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