The complex variability of blazars: time-scales and periodicity analysis in S4 0954+65
C. M. RaiteriINAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, ItalyM. VillataINAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, ItalyV. M. LarionovAstronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, St Petersburg 198504, RussiaSvetlana G. JorstadAstronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, St Petersburg 198504, RussiaAlan P. MarscherInstitute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USAZ. R. WeaverInstitute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USAJ. A. Acosta‐PulidoDepartamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, E38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainI. AgudoInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainT. AndreevaInstitute of Applied Astronomy RAS, Nab Kutuzova 10, St Petersburg 191187, RussiaA. A. ArkharovPulkovo Observatory, St Petersburg 196140, RussiaR. BachevInstitute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko Shose Blvd., BG-1784 Sofia, BulgariaE. BenítezInstituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-264, CDMX 04510, MexicoM. BertonAalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, FinlandI. BjörklundAalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, FinlandГ. А. БорманCrimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny 298409, CrimeaV. BozhilovFaculty of Physics, Department of Astronomy, University of Sofia, BG-1164 Sofia, BulgariaM. I. CarnereroINAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, ItalyD. CarosatiEPT Observatories, Tijarafe, E-38780 La Palma, SpainC. CasadioDepartment of Physics, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, GreeceWen-Ping ChenGraduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Zhongli 32051, Taoyuan, TaiwanG. DamljanovićAstronomical Observatory, Volgina 7, 11060 Belgrade, SerbiaF. D’AmmandoINAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, ItalyJuan EscuderoInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainAntonio FuentesInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainM. GirolettiINAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, ItalyT. S. GrishinaAstronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, St Petersburg 198504, RussiaAlok C. GuptaAryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Manora Peak, Nainital 263001, IndiaV. A. Hagen‐ThornAstronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, St Petersburg 198504, RussiaMurdock HartInstitute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USAD. HiriartInstituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 106, Ensenada 22860, BC, MexicoW-J HouGraduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Zhongli 32051, Taoyuan, TaiwanD. IvanovInstitute of Applied Astronomy RAS, Nab Kutuzova 10, St Petersburg 191187, RussiaJ-Y KimKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, 776 Daedeok-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaG. N. KimeridzeAbastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, GeorgiaChristina KonstantopoulouNordic Optical Telescope, Apartado 474, E-38700 Santa Cruz de La Palma, SpainE. N. KopatskayaAstronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, St Petersburg 198504, RussiaO. M. KurtanidzeAbastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, GeorgiaS. O. KurtanidzeAbastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, GeorgiaA. LähteenmäkiAalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, FinlandЕ. Г. ЛарионоваAstronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, St Petersburg 198504, RussiaN. MarchiliINAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, ItalyGoran MarkovićFaculty of Mathematics, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaM. MinevFaculty of Physics, Department of Astronomy, University of Sofia, BG-1164 Sofia, BulgariaD. A. MorozovaAstronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, St Petersburg 198504, RussiaI. MyserlisInstituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica, Avenida Divina Pastora, 7, Núcleo Central, E-18012 Granada, SpainMasanori NakamuraDepartment of Physics and Mathematics, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, JapanA. A. NikiforovaAstronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, St Petersburg 198504, RussiaM. G. NikolashviliAbastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, GeorgiaJorge Otero-SantosDepartamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, E38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainE. OvcharovFaculty of Physics, Department of Astronomy, University of Sofia, BG-1164 Sofia, BulgariaT. PursimoNordic Optical Telescope, Apartado 474, E-38700 Santa Cruz de La Palma, SpainI. A. RahimovInstitute of Applied Astronomy RAS, Nab Kutuzova 10, St Petersburg 191187, RussiaS. RighiniINAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, ItalyT. SakamotoDepartment of Physics and Mathematics, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, JapanС. С. СавченкоAstronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, St Petersburg 198504, RussiaE. SemkovInstitute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko Shose Blvd., BG-1784 Sofia, BulgariaD. N. ShakhovskoyCrimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny 298409, CrimeaL. A. SiguaAbastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, GeorgiaM. StojanovićAstronomical Observatory, Volgina 7, 11060 Belgrade, SerbiaA. StrigachevInstitute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko Shose Blvd., BG-1784 Sofia, BulgariaC. ThumInstituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica, Avenida Divina Pastora, 7, Núcleo Central, E-18012 Granada, SpainM. TornikoskiAalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, FinlandEfthalia TraianouMax Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Auf dem Hügel, 69 D-53121 Bonn, GermanyYu. V. TroitskayaAstronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, St Petersburg 198504, RussiaI. S. TroitskiyAstronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, St Petersburg 198504, RussiaAn-Li TsaiGraduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Zhongli 32051, Taoyuan, TaiwanA. ValchevaFaculty of Physics, Department of Astronomy, University of Sofia, BG-1164 Sofia, BulgariaA. A. VasilyevAstronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, St Petersburg 198504, RussiaO. VinceAstronomical Observatory, Volgina 7, 11060 Belgrade, SerbiaE. ZaharievaFaculty of Physics, Department of Astronomy, University of Sofia, BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
2021en
ABI
Аннотация
ABSTRACT Among active galactic nuclei, blazars show extreme variability properties. We here investigate the case of the BL Lac object S4 0954+65 with data acquired in 2019–2020 by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT) Collaboration. The 2-min cadence optical light curves provided by TESS during three observing sectors of nearly 1 month each allow us to study the fast variability in great detail. We identify several characteristic short-term time-scales, ranging from a few hours to a few days. However, these are not persistent, as they differ in the various TESS sectors. The long-term photometric and polarimetric optical and radio monitoring undertaken by the WEBT brings significant additional information, revealing that (i) in the optical, long-term flux changes are almost achromatic, while the short-term ones are strongly chromatic; (ii) the radio flux variations at 37 GHz follow those in the optical with a delay of about 3 weeks; (iii) the range of variation of the polarization degree and angle is much larger in the optical than in the radio band, but the mean polarization angles are similar; (iv) the optical long-term variability is characterized by a quasi-periodicity of about 1 month. We explain the source behaviour in terms of a rotating inhomogeneous helical jet, whose pitch angle can change in time.
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