C<sub>60</sub> in Water: Nanocrystal Formation and Microbial Response
John D. FortnerDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332Delina Y. LyonDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332Christie M. SayesDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332Adina M. BoydDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332Joshua C. FalknerDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332Ernest M. HotzeDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332Lawrence B. AlemanyDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332Yizhi Jane TaoDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332W. GuoDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332Kevin D. AusmanDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332Vicki L. ColvinDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332Joseph B. HughesDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
2005en
ABI
Аннотация
Upon contact with water, under a variety of conditions, C60 spontaneously forms a stable aggregate with nanoscale dimensions (d = 25-500 nm), termed here "nano-C60". The color, hydrophobicity, and reactivity of individual C60 are substantially altered in this aggregate form. Herein, we provide conclusive lines of evidence demonstrating that in solution these aggregates are crystalline in order and remain as underivatized C60 throughout the formation/stabilization process that can later be chemically reversed. Particle size can be affected by formation parameters such as rates and the pH of the water addition. Once formed, nano-C60 remains stable in solution at or below ionic strengths of 0.05 I for months. In addition to demonstrating aggregate formation and stability over a wide range of conditions, results suggest that prokaryotic exposure to nano-C60 at relatively low concentrations is inhibitory, indicated by lack of growth (> or = 0.4 ppm) and decreased aerobic respiration rates (4 ppm). This work demonstrates the fact that the environmental fate, distribution, and biological risk associated with this important class of engineered nanomaterials will require a model that addresses not only the properties of bulk C60 but also that of the aggregate form generated in aqueous media.
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