Обзорная статья

A review of trends and drivers of greenhouse gas emissions by sector from 1990 to 2018

William F. LambMercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, Torgauer Straße 12–15, 4 EUREF Campus #19, 10829 Berlin, GermanyThomas WiedmannSustainability Assessment Program, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, AustraliaJulia PongratzLudwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Department of Geography, Luisenstrasse 37, 80333 Munich, GermanyRobbie M. AndrewCICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, NorwayMonica CrippaEuropean Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, VA, ItalyJ. G. J. OlivierPBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Den Haag, The NetherlandsDominik WiedenhoferInstitute of Social Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, AustriaGiulio MattioliSchool of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United KingdomAlaa Al KhourdajieCentre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, United KingdomJoanna I. HouseSchool of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol BS8 1SS, United KingdomShonali PachauriInternational Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, AustriaMaria J. FigueroaDepartment of Management Society and Communication, Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen, DenmarkYamina SahebRaphael SladeCentre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, United KingdomKlaus HubacekIntegrated Research for Energy, Environment and Society, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The NetherlandsLaixiang SunInstitute of Blue and Green Development, Weihai Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, People's Republic of ChinaSuzana Kahn RibeiroFederal University of Rio de Janeiro (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro—UFRJ), Transport Engineering Programme (Programa de Engenharia de Transportes—PET), COPPE-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilSmail KhennasEnergy and Climate Change Consultant, 25 Troubridge Walk, Rugby CV22 7LP, United KingdomStéphane de la Rue du CanLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of AmericaLazarus ChapunguGreat Zimbabwe University, School of Natural Sciences, Off Old Great Zimbabwe Road, Box 1235, Masvingo, ZimbabweSteven J. DavisDepartment of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, United States of AmericaI. BashmakovHancheng DaiCollege of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of ChinaShobhakar DhakalDepartment of Energy, Environment and Climate Change, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, ThailandXianchun TanInstitutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.15, Zhongguancun Beiyitiao, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of ChinaYong GengSchool of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of ChinaBaihe GuInstitutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.15, Zhongguancun Beiyitiao, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of ChinaJan C. MinxSchool of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom

2021en

ABI

Аннотация

Abstract Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be traced to five economic sectors: energy, industry, buildings, transport and AFOLU (agriculture, forestry and other land uses). In this topical review, we synthesise the literature to explain recent trends in global and regional emissions in each of these sectors. To contextualise our review, we present estimates of GHG emissions trends by sector from 1990 to 2018, describing the major sources of emissions growth, stability and decline across ten global regions. Overall, the literature and data emphasise that progress towards reducing GHG emissions has been limited. The prominent global pattern is a continuation of underlying drivers with few signs of emerging limits to demand, nor of a deep shift towards the delivery of low and zero carbon services across sectors. We observe a moderate decarbonisation of energy systems in Europe and North America, driven by fuel switching and the increasing penetration of renewables. By contrast, in rapidly industrialising regions, fossil-based energy systems have continuously expanded, only very recently slowing down in their growth. Strong demand for materials, floor area, energy services and travel have driven emissions growth in the industry, buildings and transport sectors, particularly in Eastern Asia, Southern Asia and South-East Asia. An expansion of agriculture into carbon-dense tropical forest areas has driven recent increases in AFOLU emissions in Latin America, South-East Asia and Africa. Identifying, understanding, and tackling the most persistent and climate-damaging trends across sectors is a fundamental concern for research and policy as humanity treads deeper into the Anthropocene.

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Идентификаторы

DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/abee4e

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Цитирований: 4Использованных источников: 0

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