Bioreceptors as the key components for electrochemical biosensing in medicine

With recent advances in point-of-care testing, wearable electronics, and implantable medical devices, there is a growing interest in developing state-of-the-art methods to monitor human health conveniently and dynamically. Among these methods, electrochemical biosensors have offered a unique opportunity to transform lab-in-hospital to lab-around-body and lab-on-body. In an electrochemical biosensing system, appropriate bioreceptors that could specifically recognize and capture target molecules pose a significant impact on the performance of the biosensors. Thus, this review systematically explores different types of bioreceptors and their immobilization methods utilized in electrochemical biosensors for the detection of a wide range of biomarkers in clinical applications. Moreover, it delves into different principles behind the operation of electrochemical biosensors and provides insights into the challenges and limitations associated with the use of different bioreceptors in practical settings. Furthermore, this review proposes possible strategies to overcome existing challenges in order to stimulate further research and clinical implementation of biosensing methods on a larger scale.

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