Effective population sizes, genetic variability, and mating system in natural stands and seed orchards of Pinus sylvestris

(...) The seed orchard crops had as much variation as the natural stands despite decreased effective population sizes due to variation in the number of ramets per clone and variation in gamete production between clones. Multilocus estimates of outcrossing in natural stands (t^ m =0.94) and seed orchards (t^ m =0.98) were higher than have been found using single locus methods. The level of inbreeding as measured by average fixation indices was low both in natural stands and seed orchards

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