Light Particle and Quark Chemical Potentials from Negatively to Positively Charged Particle Yield Ratios Corrected by Removing Strong and Weak Decays

The yield ratios of negatively to positively charged pions (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>π</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo stretchy="false">/</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>π</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>), negatively to positively charged kaons (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>K</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo stretchy="false">/</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>K</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>), and anti-protons to protons (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="true">¯</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mover><mml:mo stretchy="false">/</mml:mo><mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>) produced in mid-rapidity interval in central gold-gold (Au-Au) collisions, central lead-lead (Pb-Pb) collisions, and inelastic (INEL) or non-single-diffractive (NSD) proton-proton (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>) collisions, as well as in forward rapidity region in INEL <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> collisions are analyzed in the present work. Over an energy range from a few GeV to above 10 TeV, the chemical potentials of light flavor particles (pion, kaon, and proton) and quarks (up, down, and strange quarks) are extracted from the mentioned yield ratios in which the contributions of strong decay from high-mass resonance and weak decay from heavy flavor hadrons are removed. Most energy dependent chemical potentials show the maximum at about 4 GeV, while the energy dependent yield ratios do not show such an extremum.

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