Measurement of the average shape of longitudinal profiles of cosmic-ray air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory
A. AabIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsP. AbreuLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, PortugalM. AgliettaINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyI.F.M. AlbuquerqueUniversidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, SP, BrazilJ.M. AlburyUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaI. AllekotteBariloche Atomic CentreA. AlmelaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaJ. Alvarez CastilloUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., MéxicoJ. Alvarez-MuñizInstituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (I.G.F.A.E.), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, SpainG.A. AnastasiGran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, ItalyL. AnchordoquiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, U.S.AB. AndradaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaS. AndringaLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, PortugalC. AramoINFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, ItalyH. AsoreyCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaP. AssisLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, PortugalG. AvilaObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaA.M. BadescuUniversity Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, RomaniaA. BakalovaInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicA. Balaceanu“Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, RomaniaF. BarbatoINFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, ItalyR.J. Barreira LuzLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, PortugalS. BaurKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, GermanyK.H. BeckerBergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyJ.A. BellidoUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaC. BeratUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France, FranceM.E. BertainaINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyX. BertouCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaP.L. BiermannMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, GermanyJ. BiteauInstitut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris/Saclay, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, FranceS.G. BlaessUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaA. BlancoLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, PortugalJ. BlazekInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicC. BleveINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyM. BoháčováInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicD. BoncioliGran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, ItalyC. BonifaziUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilN. BorodaiInstitute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, PolandA.M. BottiInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaJ. BrackColorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.AT. BretzRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyA. BridgemanKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, GermanyF.L. BriechleRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyP. BuchholzUniversität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik—Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, GermanyA. BuenoUniversidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, SpainS. BuitinkVrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, BelgiumM. BuscemiINFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, ItalyK.S. Caballero-MoraUniversidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, MéxicoL. CaccianigaUniversità di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, ItalyL. CalcagniIFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, ArgentinaA. CancioInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaF. CanforaIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsJ.M. CarcellerUniversidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, SpainR. CarusoINFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, ItalyA. CastellinaINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyF. CatalaniUniversidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, SP, BrazilG. CataldiINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyL. CazonLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, PortugalJ.A. ChinellatoUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilJ. ChudobaInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicL. ChytkaPalacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech RepublicR.W. ClayUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaA.C. Cobos CeruttiInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, ArgentinaR. ColalilloINFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, ItalyA. ColemanPennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, U.S.AM.R. ColucciaINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyR. ConceiçãoLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, PortugalA. CondorelliGran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, ItalyG. ConsolatiINFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, ItalyF. ContrerasObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaM.J. CooperUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaS. CoutuPennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, U.S.AC.E. CovaultCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, U.S.AB. DanielUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilS. DassoDepartamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaK. DaumillerKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, GermanyB.R. DawsonUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaJ.A. DayUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaR.M. de AlmeidaUniversidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, BrazilS.J. de JongIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsG. De MauroIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsJ.R.T. de Mello NetoUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilI. De MitriGran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, ItalyJ. de OliveiraUniversidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, BrazilF.O. de Oliveira SallesCentro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilV. de SouzaUniversidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, BrazilJ. DebatinKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, GermanyO. DelignyInstitut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris/Saclay, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, FranceN. DhitalInstitute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, PolandM.L. Díaz CastroUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilF. DiogoLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, PortugalC. DobrigkeitUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilJ.C. D'OlivoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., MéxicoQ. DorostiUniversität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik—Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, GermanyR.C. dos AnjosUniversidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, BrazilM.T. DovaIFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, ArgentinaA. DundovicUniversität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, GermanyJ. EbrInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicR. EngelKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, GermanyM. ErdmannRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
2019en
ABI
Аннотация
The profile of the longitudinal development of showers produced by ultra-high energy cosmic rays carries information related to the interaction properties of the primary particles with atmospheric nuclei. In this work, we present the first measurement of the average shower profile in traversed atmospheric depth at the Pierre Auger Observatory. The shapes of profiles are well reproduced by the Gaisser-Hillas parametrization within the range studied, for E > 10 17.8 eV. A detailed analysis of the systematic uncertainties is performed using 10 years of data and a full detector simulation. The average shape is quantified using two variables related to the width and asymmetry of the profile, and the results are compared with predictions of hadronic interaction models for different primary particles.
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