Статья

MATISSE, the VLTI mid-infrared imaging spectro-interferometer

B. LópezLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceS. LagardeLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceR. PetrovLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceW. JaffeLeiden Observatory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The NetherlandsP. AntonelliLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceFatmé AlloucheLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceP. BérioLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceA. MatterLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceA. MeillandLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceF. MillourLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceS. Robbe-DuboisLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceTh. HenningMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyG. WeigeltMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, GermanyAndreas GlindemannEuropean Southern Observatory Headquarters, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, GermanyTibor AgócsNOVA Optical IR Instrumentation Group at ASTRON, The NetherlandsC. BailetLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceU. BeckmannMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, GermanyFelix BettonvilNOVA Optical IR Instrumentation Group at ASTRON, The NetherlandsR. van BoekelMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyP. BourgetEuropean Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago, ChileY. BressonLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FrancePaul BristowEuropean Southern Observatory Headquarters, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, GermanyP. CruzalèbesObservatoire de la Côte d’AzurEddy EldswijkNOVA Optical IR Instrumentation Group at ASTRON, The NetherlandsYan CaujolleLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceJuan Carlos González HerreraEuropean Southern Observatory Headquarters, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, GermanyU. GraserMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyP. GuajardoEuropean Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago, ChileM. HeiningerMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyK.-H. HofmannMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, GermanyG. KroesNOVA Optical IR Instrumentation Group at ASTRON, The NetherlandsW. LaunMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyMichael LehmitzMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyC. LeinertMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyK. MeisenheimerMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyS. MorelLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceUdo NeumannMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyC. PaladiniEuropean Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago, ChileI. PercheronEuropean Southern Observatory Headquarters, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, GermanyM. RiquelmeEuropean Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago, ChileMarkus SchoellerEuropean Southern Observatory Headquarters, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, GermanyP. SteeLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceL. VenemaNOVA Optical IR Instrumentation Group at ASTRON, The NetherlandsJ. WoillezEuropean Southern Observatory Headquarters, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, GermanyG. ZinsEuropean Southern Observatory Headquarters, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, GermanyP. ÁbrahámKonkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 15-17, 1121 Budapest, HungaryS. AbadieEuropean Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago, ChileR. AbuterEuropean Southern Observatory Headquarters, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, GermanyM. AccardoEuropean Southern Observatory Headquarters, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, GermanyT. AdlerMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyJaime AlonsoEuropean Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago, ChileJ.‐C. AugereauUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceA. BöhmMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyG. BazinEuropean Southern Observatory Headquarters, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, GermanyJ. C. Vega BeltránEuropean Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago, ChileA. BensbergInstitute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, GermanyW. BolandLeiden Observatory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The NetherlandsR. BrastEuropean Southern Observatory Headquarters, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, GermanyL. BurtscherLeiden Observatory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The NetherlandsRafael F. del CastilloEuropean Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago, ChileA. ChelliLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceClaudia CidEuropean Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago, ChileJ. M. ClausseLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceC. ConnotMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, GermanyRalf ConzelmannEuropean Southern Observatory Headquarters, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, GermanyW. C. DanchiNASA Goddard Space Flight Center Astrophysics Science Division, Code 660, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAMarco DelbóLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceJ. DrevonLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceC. DominikAnton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The NetherlandsA. van DuinNOVA Optical IR Instrumentation Group at ASTRON, The NetherlandsM. EbertMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyF. EisenhauerMPE Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, 85741 Garching, GermanyS. FlamentLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceR. FrahmEuropean Southern Observatory Headquarters, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, GermanyV. Gámez RosasLeiden Observatory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The NetherlandsA. GabaschEuropean Southern Observatory Headquarters, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, GermanyA. GallenneDepartamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, ChileE. A. GarcésEuropean Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago, ChilePatrick GirardLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceA. GlazenborgNOVA Optical IR Instrumentation Group at ASTRON, The NetherlandsFrédéric GontéEuropean Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago, ChileF. GuittonLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceMenno de HaanNOVA Optical IR Instrumentation Group at ASTRON, The NetherlandsHiddo HanenburgNOVA Optical IR Instrumentation Group at ASTRON, The NetherlandsX. HauboisEuropean Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago, ChileV. HocdéLaboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceM. R. HogerheijdeAnton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The NetherlandsRik ter HorstNOVA Optical IR Instrumentation Group at ASTRON, The NetherlandsJ. HronDepartment of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Türkenschanzstrasse 17, 1180 Vienna, AustriaC. A. HummelEuropean Southern Observatory Headquarters, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, GermanyN. HubinEuropean Southern Observatory Headquarters, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, GermanyR. HuertaEuropean Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago, ChileJ. IdserdaNOVA Optical IR Instrumentation Group at ASTRON, The NetherlandsJ. W. IsbellMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyDerek IvesEuropean Southern Observatory Headquarters, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, GermanyGerd JakobEuropean Southern Observatory Headquarters, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, GermanyAttila JaskóKonkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 15-17, 1121 Budapest, HungaryL. JochumEuropean Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago, ChileL. KlarmannMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyR. KleinMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

2022en

ABI

Аннотация

Context. Optical interferometry is at a key development stage. The Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) has established a stable, robust infrastructure for long-baseline interferometry that is usable by general astronomical observers. The present second-generation instruments offer a wide wavelength coverage and improved performance. Their sensitivity and measurement accuracy lead to data and images of high reliability. Aims. We have developed the Multi AperTure mid-Infrared SpectroScopic Experiment (MATISSE) to access, for the first time, high resolution imaging in a wide spectral domain. Many front-line topics are explored with this new equipment, including: stellar activity and mass loss; planet formation and evolution in the gas and dust disks around young stars; and environment interaction and accretion processes around super massive black holes in active galactic nuclei. Methods. The instrument is a spectro-interferometric imager in the transmission windows called L , M , and N , from 2.8 to 13.0 microns, combining four optical beams from the VLTI’s unit or auxiliary telescopes. Its concept, related observing procedure, data reduction, and calibration approach, is the product of 30 years of instrumental research and has benefitted from the expertise developed in the frame of the VLTI’s first generation instruments. The instrument utilises a multi-axial beam combination that delivers spectrally dispersed fringes. The signal provides the following quantities at several spectral resolutions: photometric flux, coherent fluxes, visibilities, closure phases, wavelength differential visibilities and phases, and aperture-synthesis imaging. Results. This article provides an overview of the physical principle of the instrument and its functionalities. The motivation of the choice of the instrumental concept and the characteristics of the delivered signal are detailed with a description of the observing modes and of their performance limit. MATISSE offers four spectral resolutions in L & M bands, namely 30, 500, 1000 and 3400, and 30 and 220 in the N band, and it provides an angular resolution down to 3 mas for the shortest wavelengths. The MATISSE stand-alone sensitivity limits are 60 mJy in L and 300 mJy in N . The paper gives details of the sensitivity limits for the different measurables and their related precision criteria, considering telescope configurations and spectral resolutions. We also discuss the gain provided with the GRA4MAT fringe tracker. An ensemble of data and reconstructed images illustrate the first acquired key observations. Conclusions. The instrument has been in operation at Cerro Paranal, ESO, Chile, since 2018, and has been open for science use by the international community since April 2019. The first scientific results are being published now.

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Идентификаторы

DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202141785

Цитирования и источники

Цитирований: 3Использованных источников: 0

Показатели — AkademScholar