Progress and Prospects for Research and Technology Development of Supercritical CO ₂ Thermal Conversion Systems for Power, Energy Storage, and Waste Heat Recovery

CO 2 is an environmentally friendly heat transfer fluid and has many advantages in thermal energy and power systems due to its peculiar thermal transport and physical properties.Supercritical CO 2 (S-CO 2 ) thermal energy conversion systems are promising for innovative technology in domestic and industrial applications including heat pump, air-conditioning, power generation, renewable energy systems, energy storage, thermal management, waste heat recovery and others.Both S-CO 2 and transcritical CO 2 thermodynamic cycles have been extensively investigated in order to improve the efficiencies of thermal and power systems and achieve net zero carbon emissions.This paper focuses on the progress and prospects for current research and technology development of S-CO 2 thermal energy conversion systems and their applications including power generation, energy storage and waste heat recovery.First, the CO 2 thermal transport and physical properties and benefits using CO 2 as a heat transfer fluid in thermal energy and power systems are discussed.Then, classification of CO 2 thermodynamic systems is presented.Next, S-CO 2 for power generation, energy storage and waste heat recovery systems are presented.Finally, research needs of subcritical and supercritical CO 2 heat transfer, fluid flow and heat exchangers for the development of various thermal energy and power systems are discussed.

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