Статья

Mass distribution in the Galactic Center based on interferometric astrometry of multiple stellar orbits

R. AbuterEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyN. AimarLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceA. AmorimCENTRA – Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, IST, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, PortugalJ. BallGemini Observatory/NSF’s- NOIRLab, 670 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAMichi BauböckDepartment of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USAJ. P. BergerEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyH. BonnetEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyG. BourdarotMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyW. BrandnerMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyVítor CardosoCENTRA – Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, IST, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, PortugalY. ClénetLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceYigit DallilarMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyR. DaviesMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyP. T. de ZeeuwMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyJason DexterDepartment of Astrophysical & Planetary Sciences, JILA, Duane Physics Bldg., 2000 Colorado Ave, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USAA. DrescherMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyF. EisenhauerMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyN. M. Förster SchreiberMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyA. FoschiCENTRA – Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, IST, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, PortugalP. GarciaCENTRA – Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, IST, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, PortugalF. GaoHamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, GermanyÉ. GendronLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceR. GenzelDepartments of Physics and Astronomy, Le Conte Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USAS. GillessenMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyM. HabibiMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyX. HauboisEuropean Southern Observatory, Casilla, 19001 Santiago 19, ChileG. HeißelLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceThomas HenningMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyS. HipplerMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyM. Horrobin1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Cologne, GermanyL. JochumEuropean Southern Observatory, Casilla, 19001 Santiago 19, ChileL. JocouUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceA. KauferEuropean Southern Observatory, Casilla, 19001 Santiago 19, ChileP. KervellaLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceS. LacourLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceV. LapeyrèreLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceJ.-B. Le BouquinUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceP. LénaUniversité Paris CitéD. LutzMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyThomas OttMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyT. PaumardLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceK. PerrautUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceG. PerrinLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceO. PfuhlEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyS. RabienMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyJ. ShangguanMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyThomas ShimizuMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyS. ScheithauerMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyJ. StadlerMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyAndrew W. StephensGemini Observatory/NSF’s- NOIRLab, 670 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAO. StraubMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyC. Straubmeier1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Cologne, GermanyE. SturmMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyL. J. TacconiMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyK. R. W. TristramEuropean Southern Observatory, Casilla, 19001 Santiago 19, ChileF. VincentLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceS. D. von FellenbergMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyF. WidmannMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyE. WieprechtMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyE. WiezorrekMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyJ. WoillezEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyS. Yazici1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Cologne, GermanyA. YoungMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

2021en

ABI

Аннотация

Stars orbiting the compact radio source Sgr A* in the Galactic Center serve as precision probes of the gravitational field around the closest massive black hole. In addition to adaptive optics-assisted astrometry (with NACO/VLT) and spectroscopy (with SINFONI/VLT, NIRC2/Keck and GNIRS/Gemini) over three decades, we have obtained 30–100 μas astrometry since 2017 with the four-telescope interferometric beam combiner GRAVITY/VLTI, capable of reaching a sensitivity of m K = 20 when combining data from one night. We present the simultaneous detection of several stars within the diffraction limit of a single telescope, illustrating the power of interferometry in the field. The new data for the stars S2, S29, S38, and S55 yield significant accelerations between March and July 2021, as these stars pass the pericenters of their orbits between 2018 and 2023. This allows for a high-precision determination of the gravitational potential around Sgr A*. Our data are in excellent agreement with general relativity orbits around a single central point mass, M • = 4.30 × 10 6 M ⊙ , with a precision of about ±0.25%. We improve the significance of our detection of the Schwarzschild precession in the S2 orbit to 7 σ . Assuming plausible density profiles, the extended mass component inside the S2 apocenter (≈0.23″ or 2.4 × 10 4 R S ) must be ≲3000 M ⊙ (1 σ ), or ≲0.1% of M • . Adding the enclosed mass determinations from 13 stars orbiting Sgr A* at larger radii, the innermost radius at which the excess mass beyond Sgr A* is tentatively seen is r ≈ 2.5″ ≥ 10× the apocenter of S2. This is in full harmony with the stellar mass distribution (including stellar-mass black holes) obtained from the spatially resolved luminosity function.

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Идентификаторы

DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202142465

Цитирования и источники

Цитирований: 4Использованных источников: 0

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