<i>Euclid</i>: Early Release Observations – Overview of the Perseus cluster and analysis of its luminosity and stellar mass functions★
J.-C. CuillandreUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceM. BolzonellaINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyA. BoselliAix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, FranceF.R MarleauUniversität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, AustriaM MondelinUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceJenny G. SorceÉcole Centrale de LilleConnor StoneDepartment of Physics, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, CanadaF. BuitragoDepartamento de Física Teórica, Atómica y Óptica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, SpainM. CantielloINAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo, Via Maggini, 64100 Teramo, ItalyKoshy GeorgeUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, GermanyN. A. HatchSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UKL. QuilleyCentre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, UMR5574, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 69230 Saint-Genis-Laval, FranceF. MannucciINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, ItalyT. SaifollahiKapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The NetherlandsRubén Sánchez-JanssenUK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UKF. TarsitanoDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandC. TortoraINAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, ItalyX. XuKapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The NetherlandsH. BouyInstitut universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris CEDEX 05, FranceStephen GwynNRC Herzberg, 5071 West Saanich Rd, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, CanadaMatthias KlugeMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyA. LançonUniversité de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, FranceA. AnselmiEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The NetherlandsM. SchirmerMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyAbdurro’ufPetra AwadKapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The NetherlandsM. BaesSterrenkundig Observatorium, Universiteit Gent, Krijgslaan 281 S9, 9000 Gent, BelgiumF. BournaudUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceD. CarolloINAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalySandrine CodisUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceChristopher J. ConseliceJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UKV. de LapparentInstitut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, FranceP.-A. DucUniversité de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, FranceAnna Ferré-MateuInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Vía Láctea, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainW. GillardAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, FranceJesse B. Golden-MarxSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UKP. JablonkaInstitute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandRebecca HabasINAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo, Via Maggini, 64100 Teramo, ItalyL.K HuntINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, ItalyS. MeiUniversité Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, FranceM.-A. Miville-DeschênesLaboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, FranceMireia MontesInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Vía Láctea, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainAngelos NersesianSTAR Institute, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du six Août 19c, 4000 Liège, BelgiumR. F. PeletierKapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The NetherlandsM. PoulainSpace physics and astronomy research unit, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, 90014 Oulu, FinlandR. ScaramellaINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, ItalyM. ScialpiDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, ItalyElisabeth SolaInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UKJ.-L. StéphanUK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UKL. UliviDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, ItalyM UrbanoUniversité de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, FranceRaphael ZöllerMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyN. AghanimUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, FranceB. AltieriESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, SpainA. AmaraSchool of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UKS. AndreonINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, ItalyN. AuricchioINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyMarco BaldiDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyA BalestraINAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, ItalyS. BardelliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyR. BenderMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyA. BivianoIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyC. BodendorfMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyD. BoninoINAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), ItalyE. BranchiniDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyM. BresciaDepartment of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, ItalyJ. BrinchmannFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo de Alegre, 4150-007 Porto, PortugalS. CameraDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, ItalyV. CapobiancoINAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), ItalyC. CarboneINAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, ItalyJ. CarreteroCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, SpainSantiago CasasInstitute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, GermanyF. J. CastanderInstitut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, SpainM. CastellanoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, ItalyG. CastignaniINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyS. CavuotiINAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, ItalyA. CimattiDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, ItalyG. CongedoInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UKL. ConversiESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, SpainY. CopinUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne 69100, FranceF. CourbinInstitute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandH. M. CourtoisUCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, FranceM. CropperMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKA. Da SilvaDepartamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalH. DegaudenziDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandG. De LuciaINAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyA. M. Di GiorgioINAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, ItalyJ. DinisDepartamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalM. DouspisUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, FranceF. DubathDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandC. A. J. DuncanJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UKX. DupacESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, SpainS. DusiniINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyM. FarinaINAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, ItalyS. FarrensUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceS. FerriolUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne 69100, FranceS. FotopoulouSchool of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UKM. FrailisINAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyE. FranceschiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyS. GaleottaINAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
2025en
ABI
Аннотация
The Euclid Early Release Observations (ERO) programme targeted the Perseus cluster of galaxies, gathering deep data in the central region of the cluster over 0.7 deg 2 , including the cluster core up to 0.25 r 200 . The dataset reaches a point-source depth of I E = 28.0 ( Y E , J E , H E = 25.3), AB magnitudes at 5 σ with a 0′′.16 (0′′.48) full width at half maximum (FWHM), and a surface brightness limit of 30.1 (29.2) mag arcsec −2 for radially integrated galaxy profiles. The exceptional depth and spatial resolution of this wide-field multi-band data enable simultaneous detection and characterisation of both bright galaxies and low surface brightness ones, along with their globular cluster systems, from the optical to the near-infrared (NIR). Cluster membership was determined using several methods in order to maximise the completeness and minimise the contamination of foreground and background sources. We adopted a catalogue of 1100 dwarf galaxies, detailed in the corresponding ERO paper, that includes their photometric and structural properties. We identified all other sources in the Euclid images and obtained accurate photometric measurements using AutoProf or AstroPhot for 137 bright cluster galaxies and SourceExtractor for half a million compact sources. This study advances beyond previous analyses of the cluster and enables a range of scientific investigations, which are summarised here. We derived the luminosity and stellar mass functions (LF and SMF) of the Perseus cluster in the Euclid I E band thanks to supplementary u, g, r, i, z , and H α data from the Canada-France-Hawai’i Telescope (CFHT). Our LF and SMF are the deepest recorded for the Perseus cluster, highlighting the groundbreaking capabilities of the Euclid telescope. We fit the LF and SMF with a Schechter plus Gaussian model. The LF features a dip at M ( I E ) ≃ −19 and a faint-end slope of α S ≃ −1.2 to −1.3. The SMF displays a low-mass-end slope of α S ≃ −1.2 to −1.35. These observed slopes are flatter than those predicted for dark matter halos in cosmological simulations, offering significant insights for models of galaxy formation and evolution.
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