Статья

Platinum Group Elements in Geosphere and Anthroposphere: Interplay among the Global Reserves, Urban Ores, Markets and Circular Economy

Juris BurlakovsDepartment of Environmental Science, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, LatviaZane Vincēviča–GaileDepartment of Environmental Science, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, LatviaMāris KrievānsDepartment of Geology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, LatviaYahya JaniDepartment of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, 391 82 Kalmar, SwedenMika HorttanainenDepartment of Sustainability Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, FinlandKaur-Mikk PehmeChair of Rural Building and Water Management, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, EstoniaElīna DāceInstitute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, LatviaRoy Hendroko SetyobudiWaste Laboratory, University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Jl. Raya Tlogomas No.246, Malang 65114, IndonesiaJovita Pilecka-UļčugačevaLaboratory of Forest and Water Resources, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Akademijas Street 19, LV-3001 Jelgava, LatviaГінтарас ДенафасDepartment of Environmental Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, LithuaniaInga GrīnfeldeLaboratory of Forest and Water Resources, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Akademijas Street 19, LV-3001 Jelgava, LatviaAmit BhatnagarDepartment of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Snellmania, FI-70211 Kuopio, FinlandV. Yu. Rud’State Scientific Institution ‘All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology’, Russian Agricultural Academy (ARRIP), Bolshie Vyazemy, Odintsovo, 143050 Moscow, RussiaVita RudovičaDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, LatviaRonald L. MerskyDepartment of Civil Engineering, Widener University, One University Place, Chester, PA 19013, USAOlga AnneDepartment of Engineering, Klaipeda University, Bijunu 17, LT-91225 Klaipeda, LithuaniaMait KriipsaluChair of Rural Building and Water Management, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, EstoniaRūta Ozola-DavidāneDepartment of Environmental Science, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, LatviaToomas TammChair of Rural Building and Water Management, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, EstoniaMāris KļaviņšDepartment of Environmental Science, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia

2020en

ABI

Аннотация

Industrial and strategic significance of platinum group elements (PGEs)—Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt—makes them irreplaceable; furthermore, some PGEs are used by investors as “safe heaven” assets traded in the commodity markets. This review analyzes PGEs from various aspects: their place in the geosphere, destiny in the anthroposphere, and opportunity in the economy considering interactions among the exploration, recycling of urban ores, trade markets, speculative rhetoric, and changes required for successful technological progress towards the implementation of sustainability. The global market of PGEs is driven by several concerns: costs for extraction/recycling; logistics; the demand of industries; policies of waste management. Diversity of application and specific chemical properties, as well as improper waste management, make the recycling of PGEs complicated. The processing approach depends on composition and the amount of available waste material, and so therefore urban ores are a significant source of PGEs, especially when the supply of elements is limited by geopolitical or market tensions. Recycling potential of urban ores is particularly important in a long-term view disregarding short-term economic fluctuations, and it should influence investment flows in the advancement of innovation.

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Идентификаторы

DOI: 10.3390/min10060558

Цитирования и источники

Цитирований: 2Использованных источников: 0

Показатели — AkademScholar