X-ray photoelectron studies of thorium and uranium

The X-ray induced photoemission from both clean and deliberately oxidized thorium and uranium surfaces is described. The results are compared with previously reported XPS and X-ray emission measurements of electron binding energies for the heavy elements. While agreement between photoelectron and X-ray spectroscopic results is fair for most of the electron energy levels studied large discrepancies were observed in the energies of the P1, P2 and P3 levels. The authors discuss also the effect of oxidation on the spectra and on the valence bands for the metals.

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