Science and Innovation

In the first half of the twentieth century, the relationship between science and innovation was largely understood in terms of a linear model: innovation starts with basic research and then moves to applied research and development, followed by production and diffusion. This model has been criticized as oversimplified and misleading, as scholars have observed different ways and factors that lead to innovation. Later models such as non-linear models consider innovation as a more evolutionary, non-linear, and interactive process between the firm and its environment.

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