The wide-field, multiplexed, spectroscopic facility WEAVE: Survey design, overview, and simulated implementation
Shoko JinKapteyn Astronomical Institute, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen , Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen , The NetherlandsS. C. TragerKapteyn Astronomical Institute, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen , Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen , The NetherlandsGavin DaltonOxford Astrophysics, University of Oxford , Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH , UKJ. A. L. AguerriDepartamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife , SpainJ. E. DrewCentre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire , Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB , UKJ. Falcón‐BarrosoDepartamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife , SpainB. T. GänsickeDepartment of Physics, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL , UKV. HillUniversité Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire , CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4 , FranceA. IovinoINAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera , Via Brera, 28, 20121 Milano , ItalyMatthew M. PieriAix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille , 13388 Marseille , FranceBianca M. PoggiantiINAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova , ItalyD. J. B. SmithCentre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire , Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB , UKA. VallenariINAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova , ItalyDon Carlos AbramsIsaac Newton Group of Telescopes , Apartado 321, 38700 Santa Cruz de la Palma, Tenerife , SpainDavid S. AguadoDipartimento di Fisica e Astrofisica, Univerisità degli Studi di Firenze , via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , ItalyT. AntojaDepartament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona , SpainAlfonso Aragón-SalamancaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD , UKY. AscasíbarDepartamento de Física Teórica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , SpainC. BabusiauxGEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL , CNRS: 5, place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon , FranceM. BalcellsDepartamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife , SpainR. BarrenaDepartamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife , SpainG. BattagliaDepartamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife , SpainVasily BelokurovInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge , Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA , UKT. BensbyLund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics , Box 43, SE-221 00 Lund , SwedenP. BonifacioGEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL , CNRS: 5, place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon , FranceA. BragagliaINAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio , via P. Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna , ItalyE. CarrascoInstituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica , Luis Enrique Erro 1, Tonantzintla, Puebla C.P. 72840 , MexicoR. CarreraINAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova , ItalyDaniel J. CornwellSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD , UKLilian Domínguez-PalmeroDepartamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife , SpainK. J. DuncanInstitute for Astronomy, Royal Observatory , Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ , UKBenoît FamaeyUniversité de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg , UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg , FranceC. FariñaDepartamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife , SpainO. A. GonzálezUK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Observatory Edinburgh , Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ , UKS. GuestRALSpace, STFC , Harwell, Didcot OX11 0QX , UKN. A. HatchSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD , UKKelley M. HessASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy , Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo , The NetherlandsMatthew J. HoskinDepartment of Physics, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL , UKMike IrwinInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge , Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA , UKJ. H. KnapenAstrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University , 146 Brownlow Hill, Merseyside L3 5RF , UKS. E. KoposovDepartment of Physics, McWilliams Center for Cosmology , Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 , USAUlrike KuchnerSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD , UKC. LaigleInstitut d’Astrophysique de Paris , 98bis Bd Arago, 75014 Paris , FranceJim LewisInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge , Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA , UKM. LonghettiINAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera , Via Brera, 28, 20121 Milano , ItalyS. LucatelloINAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova , ItalyJ. Méndez‐AbreuDepartamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife , SpainA. MercurioDipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’, Università degli Studi di Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA) , ItalyAlireza MolaeinezhadDepartamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife , SpainM. MonguióCentre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire , Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB , UKSean MorrisonAix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille , 13388 Marseille , FranceD. N. A. MurphyInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge , Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA , UKL. Peralta de ArribaInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge , Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA , UKIsabel PérezDepartamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva , 18071 Granada , SpainIgnasi Pérez-RàfolsAix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille , 13388 Marseille , FranceSergio PicóIsaac Newton Group of Telescopes , Apartado 321, 38700 Santa Cruz de la Palma, Tenerife , SpainR. RaddiDepartament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , c/Esteve Terrades 5, 08860 Castelldefels , SpainM. Romero-GómezDepartament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona , SpainF. RoyerGEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL , CNRS: 5, place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon , FranceA. SiebertUniversité de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg , UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg , FranceG. M. SeabrokeMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London , Holmbury St Mary, Dorking RH5 6NT , UKDebopam SomSpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218 , USADavid TerrettRALSpace, STFC , Harwell, Didcot OX11 0QX , UKGuillaume F. ThomasDepartamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife , SpainR. WessonDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT , UKC. C. WorleyInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge , Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA , UKE. J. AlfaroInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC , Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada , SpainCarlos Allende PrietoDepartamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife , SpainJ. Alonso-SantiagoINAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania , Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania , ItalyNicholas AmosDepartment of Physics, Lancaster University , Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YB , UKR. P. AshleyIsaac Newton Group of Telescopes , Apartado 321, 38700 Santa Cruz de la Palma, Tenerife , SpainL. Balaguer-NúñezDepartament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona , SpainE. BalbinotKapteyn Astronomical Institute, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen , Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen , The NetherlandsM. BellazziniINAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio , via P. Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna , ItalyChris BennIsaac Newton Group of Telescopes , Apartado 321, 38700 Santa Cruz de la Palma, Tenerife , SpainS. R. BerlanasAstrophysics Group, Keele University , Keele ST5 5BG , UKEdouard J. BernardUniversité Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire , CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4 , FranceP. N. BestInstitute for Astronomy, Royal Observatory , Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ , UKD. BettoniINAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova , ItalyAndrea BiancoINAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera , via Bianchi 46, 23087 Merate (LC) , ItalyGeorgia BishopRALSpace, STFC , Harwell, Didcot OX11 0QX , UKMichael BlomqvistAix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille , 13388 Marseille , FranceC. BoecheINAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova , ItalyM. BolzonellaINAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio , via P. Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna , ItalySilvia BonoliDonostia International Physics Center , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián , SpainA. BosmaAix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille , 13388 Marseille , FranceN. BritavskiyDepartamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife , SpainG. BusarelloINAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte , Salita Moiariello, 16, 80131 Napoli , ItalyE. CaffauGEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL , CNRS: 5, place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon , FranceT. Cantat-GaudinDepartament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona , SpainA. Castro-GinardDepartament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona , SpainGuilherme S. CoutoLeibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam , An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam , GermanyJ. Carbajo-HijarrubiaDepartament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona , SpainDavid CarterAstrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University , 146 Brownlow Hill, Merseyside L3 5RF , UKL. CasamiquelaGEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL , CNRS: 5, place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon , FranceA. ConradoInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC , Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada , SpainP. Corcho-CaballeroARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D) , AustraliaLuca CostantinCentro de Astrobiología (CAB/CSIC-INTA) , Ctra. de Ajalvir km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid , SpainAlis J. DeasonCentre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University , Durham DH1 3LE , UKAbel de BurgosInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias , Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38205 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife , Spain
2023en
ABI
Аннотация
ABSTRACT WEAVE, the new wide-field, massively multiplexed spectroscopic survey facility for the William Herschel Telescope, saw first light in late 2022. WEAVE comprises a new 2-deg field-of-view prime-focus corrector system, a nearly 1000-multiplex fibre positioner, 20 individually deployable ‘mini’ integral field units (IFUs), and a single large IFU. These fibre systems feed a dual-beam spectrograph covering the wavelength range 366–959 nm at R ∼ 5000, or two shorter ranges at $R\sim 20\, 000$. After summarizing the design and implementation of WEAVE and its data systems, we present the organization, science drivers, and design of a five- to seven-year programme of eight individual surveys to: (i) study our Galaxy’s origins by completing Gaia’s phase-space information, providing metallicities to its limiting magnitude for ∼3 million stars and detailed abundances for ∼1.5 million brighter field and open-cluster stars; (ii) survey ∼0.4 million Galactic-plane OBA stars, young stellar objects, and nearby gas to understand the evolution of young stars and their environments; (iii) perform an extensive spectral survey of white dwarfs; (iv) survey ∼400 neutral-hydrogen-selected galaxies with the IFUs; (v) study properties and kinematics of stellar populations and ionized gas in z < 0.5 cluster galaxies; (vi) survey stellar populations and kinematics in ${\sim} 25\, 000$ field galaxies at 0.3 ≲ z ≲ 0.7; (vii) study the cosmic evolution of accretion and star formation using >1 million spectra of LOFAR-selected radio sources; and (viii) trace structures using intergalactic/circumgalactic gas at z > 2. Finally, we describe the WEAVE Operational Rehearsals using the WEAVE Simulator.
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