<i>Euclid</i>: Early Release Observations – Programme overview and pipeline for compact- and diffuse-emission photometry
J.-C. CuillandreCEA Paris-SaclayE. BertinUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceM. BolzonellaINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyH. BouyInstitut universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, FranceStephen GwynNRC Herzberg, 5071 West Saanich Rd, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, CanadaSidik IsaniCanada-France-Hawaii Telescope, 65-1238 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, HI 96743, USAMatthias KlugeMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyOlivier LaiUniversité Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, FranceA. LançonUniversité de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, FranceDustin LangPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, CanadaA. AnselmiEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The NetherlandsT. SaifollahiKapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The NetherlandsM. SchirmerMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyConnor StoneDepartment of Physics, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, CanadaM Abdurro'UfN. AghanimUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, FranceB. AltieriESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, SpainF. AnnibaliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyHakim AtekInstitut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, FrancePetra AwadKapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The NetherlandsM. BaesSterrenkundig Observatorium, Universiteit Gent, Krijgslaan 281 S9, 9000 Gent, BelgiumEduardo BañadosMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyD. BarradoCentro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, ESAC Campus, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, SpainS. BelladittaINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyVasily BelokurovInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UKA. BoselliAix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, FranceF. BournaudCEA Paris-SaclayJo BovyDavid A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, CanadaR.A.A BowlerJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UKGuillermo BuenadichaESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, SpainF. BuitragoDepartamento de Física Teórica, Atómica y Óptica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, SpainM. CantielloINAF - Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo, Via Maggini, 64100 Teramo, ItalyD. CarolloINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalySandrine CodisUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceMichelle CollinsSchool of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UKG. CongedoInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UKE. DalessandroINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyV. de LapparentInstitut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, FranceF. De PaolisDepartment of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100 Lecce, ItalyJ. M. DiegoInstituto de Física de Cantabria, Edificio Juan Jordá, Avenida de los Castros, 39005 Santander, SpainPaola DimauroINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, ItalyJ. DinisDepartamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalH. DoleUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, FranceP.-A. DucUniversité de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, FranceDenis ErkalSchool of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UKM. EzziatiAix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, FranceA. M. N. FergusonInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UKAnna Ferré-MateuInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Vía Láctea, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainA. FrancoDepartment of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100 Lecce, ItalyR. GavazziAix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, FranceKoshy GeorgeUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, GermanyW. GillardAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, FranceJesse B. Golden-MarxSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UKB. GoldmanInternational Space University, 1 rue Jean-Dominique Cassini, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, FranceAnthony H. GonzalezDepartment of Astronomy, University of Florida, Bryant Space Science Center, Gainesville, FL 32611, USARebecca HabasINAF - Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo, Via Maggini, 64100 Teramo, ItalyW G HartleyDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandN. A. HatchSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UKR. KohleyESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, SpainJ. HoarESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, SpainJ. HowellInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UKL.K HuntINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, ItalyP. JablonkaInstitute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandMathilde JauzacAstrophysics Research Centre, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South AfricaY KangDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandJ. H. KnapenInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Vía Láctea, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainJean‐Paul KneibInstitute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandR. KohleyESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, SpainP. B. KuzmaInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UKS. S. LarsenDepartment of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsO. MarchalUniversité de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, FranceJ Martín-FleitasAurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, SpainP. Marcos-ArenalHE Space for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, SpainF. MarleauUniversität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, AustriaE. L. Martı́nInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Vía Láctea, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainD. MassariINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyAlan W. McConnachieNRC Herzberg, 5071 West Saanich Rd, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, CanadaM. MeneghettiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyM MiluzioESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, SpainJuan Miró-CarreteroCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, SpainHironao MiyatakeInstitute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, JapanM MondelinCEA Paris-SaclayMireia MontesInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Vía Láctea, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainA. MoraAurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, SpainOliver MüllerInstitute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandConor NallyInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UKK. G. NoeskeEuropean Space Agency, 8-10 rue Mario Nikis, 75738 Paris Cedex 15, FranceA. A. NucitaDepartment of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100 Lecce, ItalyPascal A. OeschCosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), DenmarkMasamune OguriCenter for Frontier Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, JapanR. F. PeletierKapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The NetherlandsM. PoulainSpace physics and astronomy research unit, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, 90014 Oulu, FinlandL QuilleyCentre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, UMR5574, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 69230, Saint-Genis-Laval, FranceG. D. RaccaEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The NetherlandsM. RejkubaEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyJason RhodesJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USAP.-F RocciUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, FranceJ. RománInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Vía Láctea, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainS SacquegnaDepartment of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100 Lecce, ItalyElham SaremiSchool of Physics & Astronomy, University of Southampton, High-field Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
2025en
ABI
Аннотация
The Euclid Early Release Observations (ERO) showcase Euclid ’s capabilities in advance of its main mission by targeting 17 astronomical objects, including galaxy clusters, nearby galaxies, globular clusters, and star-forming regions. A total of 24 hours of observing time was allocated in the early months of operation, and the scientific community was engaged through an early public data release. We describe the development of the ERO pipeline to create visually compelling images while simultaneously meeting the scientific demands within months of launch by leveraging a pragmatic data-driven development strategy. The pipeline’s key requirements are to preserve the image quality and to provide flux calibration and photometry for compact and extended sources. The pipeline’s five pillars are removal of instrumental signatures, astrometric calibration, photometric calibration, image stacking, and the production of science-ready catalogues for both the VIS and NISP instruments. We report a point spread function (PSF) with a full width at half maximum of 0ʺ.16 in the optical I E -band and 0ʺ.49 in the near-infrared (NIR) bands Y E , J E , and H E . Our VIS mean absolute flux calibration is accurate to about 1%, and the accuracy is 10% for NISP due to a limited calibration set; both instruments have considerable colour terms for individual sources. The median depth is 25.3 and 23.2 AB mag with a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of ten for galaxies, while it is 27.1 and 24.5 AB mag at an S/N of five for point sources for VIS and NISP, respectively. Euclid ’s ability to observe diffuse emission is exceptional due to its extended PSF nearly matching a pure diffraction halo, the best ever achieved by a wide-field high-resolution imaging telescope. Euclid offers unparalleled capabilities for exploring the low-surface brightness (LSB) Universe across all scales, providing high precision within a wide field of view (FoV), and opening a new observational window in the NIR. Median surface-brightness levels of 29.5 and 27.9, AB mag arcsec −2 are achieved for VIS and NISP, respectively, for detecting a 10ʺ × 10ʺ extended feature at the 1 σ level.
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