Статья

Spatial and Seasonal Variations of Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the Arctic Atmosphere

Yushan SuScience and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada, Battelle-Pacific Northwest Division, Richland, Washington 99352, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), P.O. Box 100, NO-2027, Kjeller, Norway, Center for Environmental Chemistry SPA “Typhoon”, 82 Lenin Avenue, Obninsk, 249038, Russia, AirZone One, Inc., 222 Matheson Boulevard E., Mississauga, Ontario L4Z 1X1, Canada, Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 UniversityHayley HungScience and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada, Battelle-Pacific Northwest Division, Richland, Washington 99352, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), P.O. Box 100, NO-2027, Kjeller, Norway, Center for Environmental Chemistry SPA “Typhoon”, 82 Lenin Avenue, Obninsk, 249038, Russia, AirZone One, Inc., 222 Matheson Boulevard E., Mississauga, Ontario L4Z 1X1, Canada, Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 UniversityPierrette BlanchardScience and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada, Battelle-Pacific Northwest Division, Richland, Washington 99352, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), P.O. Box 100, NO-2027, Kjeller, Norway, Center for Environmental Chemistry SPA “Typhoon”, 82 Lenin Avenue, Obninsk, 249038, Russia, AirZone One, Inc., 222 Matheson Boulevard E., Mississauga, Ontario L4Z 1X1, Canada, Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 UniversityGregory W. PattonScience and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada, Battelle-Pacific Northwest Division, Richland, Washington 99352, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), P.O. Box 100, NO-2027, Kjeller, Norway, Center for Environmental Chemistry SPA “Typhoon”, 82 Lenin Avenue, Obninsk, 249038, Russia, AirZone One, Inc., 222 Matheson Boulevard E., Mississauga, Ontario L4Z 1X1, Canada, Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 UniversityRoland KallenbornScience and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada, Battelle-Pacific Northwest Division, Richland, Washington 99352, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), P.O. Box 100, NO-2027, Kjeller, Norway, Center for Environmental Chemistry SPA “Typhoon”, 82 Lenin Avenue, Obninsk, 249038, Russia, AirZone One, Inc., 222 Matheson Boulevard E., Mississauga, Ontario L4Z 1X1, Canada, Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 UniversityАlexei KonoplevScience and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada, Battelle-Pacific Northwest Division, Richland, Washington 99352, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), P.O. Box 100, NO-2027, Kjeller, Norway, Center for Environmental Chemistry SPA “Typhoon”, 82 Lenin Avenue, Obninsk, 249038, Russia, AirZone One, Inc., 222 Matheson Boulevard E., Mississauga, Ontario L4Z 1X1, Canada, Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 UniversityPhil FellinScience and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada, Battelle-Pacific Northwest Division, Richland, Washington 99352, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), P.O. Box 100, NO-2027, Kjeller, Norway, Center for Environmental Chemistry SPA “Typhoon”, 82 Lenin Avenue, Obninsk, 249038, Russia, AirZone One, Inc., 222 Matheson Boulevard E., Mississauga, Ontario L4Z 1X1, Canada, Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 UniversityHenrik LiScience and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada, Battelle-Pacific Northwest Division, Richland, Washington 99352, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), P.O. Box 100, NO-2027, Kjeller, Norway, Center for Environmental Chemistry SPA “Typhoon”, 82 Lenin Avenue, Obninsk, 249038, Russia, AirZone One, Inc., 222 Matheson Boulevard E., Mississauga, Ontario L4Z 1X1, Canada, Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 UniversityCharles GeenScience and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada, Battelle-Pacific Northwest Division, Richland, Washington 99352, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), P.O. Box 100, NO-2027, Kjeller, Norway, Center for Environmental Chemistry SPA “Typhoon”, 82 Lenin Avenue, Obninsk, 249038, Russia, AirZone One, Inc., 222 Matheson Boulevard E., Mississauga, Ontario L4Z 1X1, Canada, Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 UniversityGary A. SternScience and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada, Battelle-Pacific Northwest Division, Richland, Washington 99352, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), P.O. Box 100, NO-2027, Kjeller, Norway, Center for Environmental Chemistry SPA “Typhoon”, 82 Lenin Avenue, Obninsk, 249038, Russia, AirZone One, Inc., 222 Matheson Boulevard E., Mississauga, Ontario L4Z 1X1, Canada, Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 UniversityBruno RosenbergScience and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada, Battelle-Pacific Northwest Division, Richland, Washington 99352, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), P.O. Box 100, NO-2027, Kjeller, Norway, Center for Environmental Chemistry SPA “Typhoon”, 82 Lenin Avenue, Obninsk, 249038, Russia, AirZone One, Inc., 222 Matheson Boulevard E., Mississauga, Ontario L4Z 1X1, Canada, Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 UniversityLeonard A. BarrieScience and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada, Battelle-Pacific Northwest Division, Richland, Washington 99352, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), P.O. Box 100, NO-2027, Kjeller, Norway, Center for Environmental Chemistry SPA “Typhoon”, 82 Lenin Avenue, Obninsk, 249038, Russia, AirZone One, Inc., 222 Matheson Boulevard E., Mississauga, Ontario L4Z 1X1, Canada, Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 University

2006en

ABI

Аннотация

Weekly high-volume air samples were collected between 2000 and 2003 at six Arctic sites, i.e., Alert, Kinngait, and Little Fox Lake (LFL) in Canada, Point Barrow in Alaska, Valkarkai in Russia, and Zeppelin in Norway. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were quantified in all samples. Comparison showed that alpha-HCH and HCB were homogeneously distributed in the circumpolar atmosphere and uniform throughout the seasons. However, significantly higher atmospheric concentrations of alpha-HCH and HCB and strongertemperature dependence of alpha-HCH and gamma-HCH were found at LFL in Yukon (YK), which is unique among the sites by virtue of its high altitude and low latitude, resulting in higher precipitation rates and summer temperatures. Strong temperature dependence of alpha- and gamma-HCH at this location suggests that secondary emissions, i.e., re-evaporation from surfaces, were more important at this site than others. It is hypothesized that a higher precipitation rate at LFL facilitated the transfer of alpha-HCH from the atmosphere to surface media when technical HCH was still in use worldwide. On the other hand, higher temperature at LFL enhanced reevaporation to the atmosphere after the global ban of technical HCH. In contrast to alpha-HCH and HCB, larger spatial and seasonal differences were seen for gamma-HCH (a currently used pesticide), which likely reflect the influence of different primary contaminant sources on different Arctic locations. Fugacity ratios suggest a net deposition potential of HCB from air to seawater, whereas seawater/air exchange direction of alpha-HCH varies in the circumpolar environment.

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Идентификаторы

DOI: 10.1021/es061065q

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Цитирований: 2Использованных источников: 0

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