Enhanced feature selection and ensemble learning for cardiovascular disease prediction: hybrid GOL2-2 T and adaptive boosted decision fusion with babysitting refinement

Introduction: Global Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still one of the leading causes of death and requires the enhancement of diagnostic methods for the effective detection of early signs and prediction of the disease outcomes. The current diagnostic tools are cumbersome and imprecise especially with complex diseases, thus emphasizing the incorporation of new machine learning applications in differential diagnosis. Methods: This paper presents a new machine learning approach that uses MICE for mitigating missing data, the IQR for handling outliers and SMOTE to address first imbalance distance. Additionally, to select optimal features, we introduce the Hybrid 2-Tier Grasshopper Optimization with L2 regularization methodology which we call GOL2-2T. One of the promising methods to improve the predictive modelling is an Adaboost decision fusion (ABDF) ensemble learning algorithm with babysitting technique implemented for the hyperparameters tuning. The accuracy, recall, and AUC score will be considered as the measures for assessing the model. Results: On the results, our heart disease prediction model yielded an accuracy of 83.0%, and a balanced F1 score of 84.0%. The integration of SMOTE, IQR outlier detection, MICE, and GOL2-2T feature selection enhances robustness while improving the predictive performance. ABDF removed the impurities in the model and elaborated its effectiveness, which proved to be high on predicting the heart disease. Discussion: These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of additional machine learning methodologies in medical diagnostics, including early recognition improvements and trustworthy tools for clinicians. But yes, the model's use and extent of work depends on the dataset used for it really. Further work is needed to replicate the model across different datasets and samples: as for most models, it will be important to see if the results are generalizable to populations that are not representative of the patient population that was used for the current study.

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