ATTENTION DEFICIT AND HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)

This article examines Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) from the perspectives of modern medicine and pedagogy. ADHD is a functional disorder of the central nervous system characterized by decreased attention, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior. The disorder is mainly diagnosed in childhood and adolescence, but in some cases, it may persist into adulthood. The article analyzes the etiological factors of ADHD, including genetic predisposition, prenatal and perinatal influences, neurotransmitter imbalance, and environmental factors based on scientific sources. Special attention is given to the role of dopamine and noradrenaline systems in the pathogenesis of the disorder. The clinical manifestations, types of ADHD (predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined), diagnostic criteria, and evaluation methods based on international classifications (DSM-5 and ICD) are discussed. Treatment approaches, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods such as psychocorrection, behavioral therapy, pedagogical support, and the importance of family environment, are also reviewed.

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