ACUTE RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS (ARVI) IN CHILDREN UNDER FIVE: CLINICAL FEATURES AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES

Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) remain one of the most prevalent causes of morbidity among children under five years of age worldwide. Due to the anatomical and physiological immaturity of the respiratory and immune systems in early childhood, this age group is particularly susceptible to viral pathogens affecting the upper and lower respiratory tract. The most common causative agents include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, and coronaviruses. Clinically, ARVI presents with symptoms such as fever, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, cough, sore throat, tachypnea, and in severe cases, respiratory distress. Complications may include otitis media, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, especially in children with malnutrition, prematurity, or underlying chronic diseases. Early diagnosis is primarily clinical, supported by epidemiological data and laboratory tests when necessary. Management is largely symptomatic, as most ARVIs are self-limiting; however, antiviral therapy is indicated in specific cases such as influenza. Prevention strategies play a crucial role in reducing incidence and severity. These include vaccination (influenza, pneumococcal, and measles vaccines), breastfeeding, adequate nutrition, hand hygiene, environmental sanitation, and avoidance of tobacco smoke exposure. This article examines the clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic approaches, treatment principles, and preventive measures for ARVI in children under five. The importance of public health interventions and parental education is emphasized as key components in reducing disease burden and mortality. A comprehensive understanding of ARVI enables healthcare professionals to improve early detection, rational management, and preventive strategies to safeguard child health globally.

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