BIOCHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ITS COMPLICATIONS

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by a cluster of interconnected conditions, including insulin resistance, central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and impaired glucose metabolism. The biochemical foundations of MetS involve disturbances in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal imbalance. Insulin resistance plays a central role in the pathogenesis of the syndrome, leading to altered glucose uptake, increased free fatty acid levels, and endothelial dysfunction. These biochemical alterations contribute to the development of severe complications such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and chronic kidney disease [1,2]. Recent research highlights the importance of adipokines, inflammatory cytokines, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative damage in the progression of metabolic syndrome and its systemic consequences [3,4]. Understanding the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying MetS is crucial for early diagnosis, prevention, and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality associated with this condition.

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