INTEGRATED PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS: DECIPHERING THE GLUCOSE–HEPATIC–RENAL INTERPLAY IN AGING POPULATIONS

Metabolic disorders and chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are becoming increasingly prevalent across the world, particularly among middle-aged and older populations. In these age groups, abnormalities in glucose metabolism, liver health, and kidney function frequently occur simultaneously. Such conditions share common pathophysiological mechanisms and often develop together as elements of broader metabolic dysregulation, including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) [1–4]. As the global burden of metabolic diseases continues to grow, it has become critically important to explore the interactions between commonly measured biochemical markers in real clinical settings to facilitate early diagnosis, risk assessment, and prevention of long-term disease progression.

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