Sum rules for the tunneling effect in superconductors

Expressions are obtained that establish exact relationships between measureable quantities in S-I-S and N-I-S tunnel junctions. These results are used to show that the results of certain well-known studies of the effect of microwave radiation and ultrasound on tunnel currents are incorrect. We show that it is possible to use sum rules to provide reliable physical results in tunneling studies of nonequilibrium states in superconductors, in proximity effects, in studies of different mechanisms for destroying Cooper pairs, and so on. A valid procedure is proposed for determining the superconducting energy gap from the current-voltage characteristics.

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