The application of microsatellite markers for estimation of genetic diversity of European spruce

The review discusses trends in using of microsatellite markers for evaluation of the genetic diversity in European spruce populations. A brief historical outline of SSR marker appearance, development and using for population genetic studies of spruce species is given. The characteristics of groups of the most frequently used microsatellite markers of spruce are recited. The principles of the development of microsatellite multiplexes are described. The published multiplexes of microsatellite markers proposed for estimation of the genetic variability of European spruce are listed. Positive properties and disadvantages of a number of proposed multiplexes and individual loci are noted. Microsatellites from expressed sequence tags (EST-SSR) are highly-valued and they allow us to reveal the genetic diversity in functionally important parts of the genome. EST-SSRs and chloroplast microsatellites (cpSSRs) are characterized by a lower mutation rate than nuclear microsatellites (nSSR) from genomic libraries and they can be more easily applied for related tree species studies. Several kinds of multiplexes containing two or three pairs of WS EST-SSR primers are published. The loci WS0023.B03, WS0022.B15, WS0016.O09, WS0092.A19, WS0073.H08, WS00111.K13, WS0092.M15 developed by D. Rungis and co-authors are the most popular.

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