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Unraveling the Complexity of Global Climate Dynamics: Interactions among El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, and Tropical Basins Across Different Timescales

Aixue HuClimate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USAIngo RichterApplication Laboratory, Institute for Value-Added-Information Generation, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, JapanYuko OkumuraInstitute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USANatalie BurlsGeorge Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USANoel KeenlysideGeophysical Institute, University of Bergen and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, NorwayRhys ParfittFlorida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USAKatinka BellomoDepartment of Environment, Land, and Infrastructure Engineering, Polytechnic University of Turin, Turin, ItalyAlessio BellucciItalian National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR - ISAC), Bologna, ItalyRiccardo FarnetiEarth System Physics Section, The Abdus Salam ICTP, Trieste, ItalyAlexey V. FedorovLOCEAN, Sorbonne University, Paris, FranceBrady FersterCECI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, CERFACS, Toulouse, FranceChengfei HeDepartment of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USAQian LiFlorida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USADaniela MateiMax Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany

Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Researchjournal2025en

ABI

Аннотация

Tropical basin interactions and the climatic linkages between mid-to-high latitudes and the tropics are active research areas. These interactions include the influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the tropical Indian and Atlantic oceans, the feedback from these basins on ENSO, the influence of the tropics on mid-to-high-latitude climates, and the feedback from higher latitudes on tropical climate variability. This review summarizes the current understanding of these relationships and key underlying physical processes. In particular, we assessed the current knowledge of tropical variability and the interactions between the tropics and extratropics, including ENSO variability and diversity, the influence of ENSO on the tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans, interactions among tropical basins on different timescales, variability in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), the effect of tropical basins on the AMOC, the relationship between the AMOC and Atlantic multidecadal variability, the influence of the AMOC on ENSO and tropical variability, and the impact of other mid-to-high-latitude processes on tropical variability. Although ENSO is the dominant mode of variability on interannual timescales, its characteristics are not stationary and can be influenced by processes from other tropical basins and mid-to-high latitudes. The strength and variations of these interactions among different tropical basins and latitudes can be modulated by changes in external forcing, whether of natural or anthropogenic origin, and may also be shaped by nonlinear interactions between different modes of internal variability.

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Ocean Acidification Effects and Responses Climate variability and models

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DOI: 10.34133/olar.0096

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