Valorization of palm residues coupled with solar desalination for oasis agriculture in Al-Ahsa

This study evaluates coupling of palm residue valorization with solar desalination to supply irrigation water for oasis agriculture in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. Three configurations are compared: solar distillation enhanced by palm-derived activated carbon absorbers; hybrid forward osmosis with evaporation using photothermal sponges; and photovoltaic-thermal powered reverse osmosis. Using records, meteorological data, and farm panels for 2021-2024, we estimate freshwater yield per hectare, specific electricity use, levelized water cost, product salinity, carbon dioxide avoidance, and the share of orchard demand supplied. A suitability index assigns sites by residue supply, irradiance, and soil salinity risk. Photovoltaic-thermal powered reverse osmosis maximizes yield and minimizes cost, while enhanced solar distillation fits settings with limited maintenance. Hybrid forward osmosis with evaporation balances performance and simplicity. Residues provide absorbents or inputs and displace fossil fuels. The portfolio improves water reliability and irrigation scheduling while maintaining water quality compatible with perennial crops.

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