ModMax charged black holes in PFDM: Electric Penrose and particle collisions

Abstract In this study, we investigate the influence of the parameters of ModMax nonlinear electrodynamics and perfect-fluid dark matter (PFDM) on the geometry and physical properties of charged black holes. A static, spherically symmetric solution to the Einstein field equations describing a charged ModMax black hole immersed in a PFDM background is obtained. The motion of charged test particles in this spacetime is analyzed in detail, including the effective potential, the conditions for stable and unstable circular orbits, and the radius of the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO). It is shown that the ModMax parameter γ shifts the orbits outward for repulsive Coulomb interactions and inward for attractive forces, while increasing PFDM enhances gravitational attraction, shifting the ISCO inward. Furthermore, the interactions and collisions of charged particles near the event horizon are examined. The center-of-mass energy exhibits the characteristic behavior in charged-particle collisions, rapidly increasing as the particles approach the horizon. The parameter γ amplifies the BSW acceleration mechanism, while α suppresses it. The electric Penrose process for charged particles is also examined, revealing that the efficiency of energy extraction increases with the black hole charge and is strongly influenced by the interaction parameter γ , which plays a dominant role in enhancing the efficiency, whereas the effect of α remains comparatively negligible.

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