Study of Blood Circulation in The Mother–Placenta–Fetus System in Women with Cardiovascular Pathology (Literature Review)

Cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy represent a growing clinical challenge and are associated with a high risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. The aim of this review was to analyze current evidence (2020–2026) on blood circulation in the mother–placenta–fetus system in women with cardiovascular pathology and to evaluate its clinical significance. A comprehensive analysis of clinical studies, systematic reviews, and international guidelines was performed, focusing on maternal hemodynamics, uteroplacental and fetoplacental circulation, Doppler assessment, and pregnancy outcomes. The findings indicate that impaired cardiovascular adaptation in pregnancy leads to disturbances in uteroplacental blood flow, endothelial dysfunction, and placental insufficiency. These changes are strongly associated with the development of preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and preterm birth. Doppler ultrasound plays a key role in early detection of circulatory abnormalities and risk stratification. Current evidence supports the importance of a multidisciplinary and individualized approach to the management of pregnant women with cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, placenta-mediated complications are increasingly recognized as predictors of long-term cardiovascular risk in women. In conclusion, understanding the interaction between maternal cardiovascular function and placental circulation is essential for improving both short- and long-term outcomes, and for optimizing clinical strategies in this high-risk population.

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