IMMUNE DYSREGULATION IN INFECTIOUS PROCESSES AND METHODS FOR ITS CORRECTION

Resume. Immune dysregulation during infectious processes constitutes a profound disruption in the coordinated protective response of the immune system against invading pathogens. This dysregulation manifests as either an exaggerated hyperinflammatory reaction, often termed cytokine storm, or a subsequent state of profound immunosuppression that impairs pathogen clearance and predisposes to secondary infections. Such imbalances contribute significantly to tissue damage, multiorgan dysfunction, and elevated mortality rates observed in conditions like bacterial sepsis and severe viral infections. The present article provides a comprehensive examination of the underlying mechanisms driving immune dysregulation in infectious diseases, encompassing the roles of innate immune activation through pattern recognition receptors, overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin six and tumor necrosis factor alpha, as well as the later exhaustion of adaptive immune cells including T lymphocytes. Particular attention is devoted to the biphasic nature of the response, where initial hyperinflammation transitions into immunoparalysis. Correction strategies are critically evaluated, including cytokine-specific blockers, immune checkpoint inhibitors, recombinant cytokines such as interleukin seven and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, and emerging personalized immunomodulatory approaches guided by biomarkers. The analysis draws upon recent scientific literature to highlight the effectiveness, timing considerations, and limitations of these interventions. Findings suggest that tailored, biomarker-driven immunomodulation can restore immune homeostasis, reduce complications, and improve clinical outcomes in patients with severe infectious processes. This work underscores the necessity of precision medicine in managing immune dysregulation and identifies promising avenues for future research and therapeutic development in the fields of immunology and infectious diseases. The global burden of life-threatening infections continues to emphasize the urgency of advancing strategies that address immune imbalance effectively. Key words :infectious processes, immune dysregulation, cytokine storm, sepsis, viral infections, hyperinflammation, immunosuppression, immunomodulators, immune checkpoints, correction methods, personalized immunotherapy

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