MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN HUMAN DISEASE

Mitochondria are essential organelles responsible for energy production, metabolic regulation, and apoptosis. Beyond their classical role in ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondria are central to cellular signaling, redox homeostasis, and programmed cell death. Mitochondrial dysfunction has emerged as a key contributor to a wide range of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic syndromes, cardiovascular diseases, and aging-related conditions. This review summarizes the biochemical basis of mitochondrial function, the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction, and its role in disease pathogenesis, along with current and emerging therapeutic strategies.

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