Elemental composition in the “soil-plant” system of Capparis spinosa L. growing in different regions: a comparative aspect

Capparis spino sa L. is a xerophytic species with high resistance to drought, extreme temperatures, and soil moisture deficiency. Due to its biological characteristics, the plant effectively prevents soil erosion and land degradation. This study focuses on the role of mineral metabolism in the adaptation of C. spinosa to saline conditions. Based on a comparative analysis of the elemental composition of soils and vegetative plant organs sampled from contrasting ecotopes, the key mechanisms of salt tolerance in this species have been identified. In soils and C. spinosa samples, 25 elements were identified and quantified: nine macroelements (K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Al, Sr, S, P), twelve microelements, and four heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg). The content of macroelements in soils decreased in the following sequence: Ca, Fe, Al, K, Na, Mg, Sr, P, S. In the studied C. spinosa samples, highly efficient potassium (K) accumulation was detected (BAC > 10), while sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), and sodium (Na) exhibited hyperaccumulation properties (BAC > 1.0–10.0). Magnesium (Mg) and strontium (Sr) showed moderate accumulation (BAC > 0.1–1.0). C. spinosa accumulates calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and aluminium (Al) in limited quantities to support metabolic processes (BAC > 0.01–0.1).

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