Technology for the Production of Biologically Active Substances Based on Medicinal Plants: Turkestan Ajuga and Tribulus terrestris

The increasing reliance on plant-based therapeutics has intensified efforts to develop efficient and sustainable technologies for isolating biologically active compounds. Among emerging medicinal resources, Ajuga turkestanica and Tribulus terrestris have attracted considerable attention due to their rich composition of phytoecdysteroids, steroidal saponins, flavonoids, and phenolic constituents. These compounds are associated with diverse biological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, metabolic, and adaptogenic activities. Despite their potential, practical utilization is often limited by inconsistent extraction efficiency, compositional variability, and poor bioavailability. This review critically examines current technological approaches for enhancing the production and delivery of bioactive substances derived from these plants. Modern extraction techniques such as supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction are evaluated in terms of efficiency, selectivity, and environmental sustainability. In addition, biotechnological strategies, including tissue culture and metabolite engineering, are discussed as viable solutions for controlled and scalable production. Particular attention is given to advanced drug delivery systems designed to overcome pharmacokinetic limitations. Nanocarriers, lipid-based systems, and phytosome complexes are assessed for their role in improving stability, solubility, and targeted delivery. The integration of these technologies provides a multidimensional framework for maximizing therapeutic potential. However, challenges related to standardization, reproducibility, and industrial translation remain critical areas for future investigation.

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