Optimized Cluster Head Selection with Enhanced Energy Efficiency

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of numerous sensor nodes that collaboratively monitor environmental and physical conditions. Efficient energy utilization is a critical challenge in WSNs because sensor nodes operate with limited battery power. Cluster-based routing protocols such as Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) are widely used to improve energy efficiency by selecting cluster heads (CHs) that manage communication between sensor nodes and the base station. However, the traditional LEACH protocol does not consider the energy consumption behavior of individual nodes during CH selection. To address this limitation, this paper proposes an optimized cluster head selection method called LEACH-ECB (LEACH based on Energy Consumption Behavior). The proposed model introduces a new parameter known as the Energy Consumption Ratio (ECR), which evaluates the energy usage pattern of each node during communication rounds. Nodes with high ECR values are excluded from future CH selection, ensuring that only energy-efficient nodes participate in cluster leadership. The proposed method was simulated using a network simulator and evaluated using metrics such as energy efficiency, throughput, latency, and number of active nodes. Experimental results demonstrate that LEACH-ECB achieves better energy retention and improved network lifetime compared to the conventional LEACH protocol.

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