From Diet to Pathophysiology: A Mechanistic Review of the Potential Role of Raisins ( <i>Vitis vinifera</i> L.) in Modulating Metabolic Syndrome-Associated Pathways

Raisins(Vitis vinifera L.) are rich in bioactive molecules, including polyphenols, flavonoids, procyanidins, resveratrol, fibers and micronutrients, associated with metabolic health effects. This comprehensive review combines preclinical, clinical and nutritional findings concerning the impact of raisins beyond their antioxidant properties. Recent studies indicate that raisins could affect the pathogenesis of Metabolic Syndrome(MetS) by regulating key molecular targets such as activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, repression ofNF-kB-driven inflammatory response, upregulation of Nrf2 antioxidant activity and enhanced mitochondrial function through PGC-1 alpha. Raisisn may inhibit SREBP-1c and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) toreduce hepatic lipid accumulation and restore tight junction proteins. Moreover raisins contain probiotic fiber which promotes Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and reduce metabolic inflammation. Insilico molecular docking analyses indicated that polyphenolic compounds present in raisins, including quercetin, resveratrol and procyanidins, might interact with key metabolic and inflammatory targets including IL-6, Nrf2 and SIRT1, although these findings should be confirmed in subsequent experimental studies. Current evidence positions raisins as promising dietary component for supporting metabolic health. However, many proposed mechanisms remain incompletely validated in humans, and additional clinical and mechanistic studies are needed to establish their relevance in the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome.

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