A Search for Millimeter-bright Blazars as Astrophysical Neutrino Sources
R. AbbasiDepartment of Physics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USAM. AckermannDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyJ. AdamsDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New ZealandS. K. AgarwallaDepartment of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAJ. A. AguilarUniversité Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumM. AhlersNiels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, DenmarkJ. M. AlameddineDepartment of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, GermanyN. M. AminBartol Research Institute and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USAK. AndeenDepartment of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USAC. ArgüellesDepartment of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAY. AshidaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USAS. AthanasiadouDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyS. N. AxaniBartol Research Institute and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USAR. BabuDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAX. BaiPhysics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USAJ. Baines-HolmesDepartment of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAA. Balagopal V.Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAS. W. BarwickDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USAS. BashPhysik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, GermanyV. BasuDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USAR. BayDepartment of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USAJ. J. BeattyDepartment of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAJ. Becker TjusFakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, GermanyP. BehrensIII. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyJ. BeiseDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, SwedenC. BellenghiPhysik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, GermanyB. BenkelDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyS. BenZviDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USAD. BerleyDepartment of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USAE. BernardiniDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università Degli Studi di Padova, I-35122 Padova PD, ItalyD. Z. BessonDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USAE. BlaufussDepartment of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USAL. BloomDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USAS. BlotDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyI. BodoDepartment of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAF. BontempoKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyJ. Y. Book MotzkinDepartment of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAC. Boscolo MeneguoloDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università Degli Studi di Padova, I-35122 Padova PD, ItalyS. BöserInstitute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyO. BotnerDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, SwedenJ. BöttcherIII. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyJ. BraunDepartment of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAB. BrinsonSchool of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USAZ. Brisson-TsavoussisDepartment of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, CanadaR. T. BurleyDepartment of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, AustraliaD. ButterfieldDepartment of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAM. A. CampanaDepartment of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USAK. CarloniDepartment of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAJ. CarpioDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USAS. ChattopadhyayDepartment of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAN. ChauUniversité Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumZ. ChenDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USAD. ChirkinDepartment of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAS. ChoiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USAB. A. ClarkDepartment of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USAA. ColemanDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, SwedenP. ColemanIII. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyG. H. CollinDepartment. of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USAA. ConnollyDepartment of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAJ. M. ConradDepartment. of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USAR. CorleyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USAD. F. CowenDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAC. De ClercqVrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumJ. J. DeLaunayDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAD. DelgadoDepartment of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAT. DelmeulleUniversité Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumS. DengIII. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyP. DesiatiDepartment of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAK. D. de VriesVrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumG. de WasseigeCentre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology - CP3, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, BelgiumT. DeYoungDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAJ. C. Díaz-VélezDepartment of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAS. DiKerbyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAM. DittmerInstitut für Kernphysik, Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, GermanyA. DomiErlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, GermanyL. DraperDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USAL. DueserIII. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyD. DurnfordDepartment of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, CanadaK. DuttaInstitute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyM. A. DuVernoisDepartment of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAT. EhrhardtInstitute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyL. EidenschinkPhysik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, GermanyA. EimerErlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, GermanyP. EllerPhysik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, GermanyE. EllingerDepartment of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, GermanyD. ElsässerDepartment of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, GermanyR. EngelKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyH. ErpenbeckDepartment of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAW. EsmailInstitut für Kernphysik, Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, GermanyS. EuligDepartment of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAJ. EvansDepartment of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USAP. A. EvensonBartol Research Institute and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USAK. L. FanDepartment of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USAK. FangDepartment of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAK. FarragDepartment of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, JapanA. R. FazelyDepartment of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USAA. FedynitchInstitute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, TaiwanN. FeiglInstitut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, GermanyC. FinleyOskar Klein Centre and Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, SwedenL. FischerDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
2026en
ABI
Аннотация
Abstract The powerful jets of blazars have been historically considered as likely sites of high-energy cosmic-ray acceleration. However, the particulars of the launched jet and the locations of leptonic and hadronic jet loading remain unclear. In the case when leptonic and hadronic particle injection occur jointly, a temporal correlation between synchrotron radiation and neutrino production is expected. We use a first catalog of millimeter wavelength (95–225 GHz) blazar light curves from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope for a time-dependent correlation with 12 yr of muon neutrino events from the IceCube South Pole Neutrino Observatory. Such millimeter emission traces activity of the bright jet base, which is often self-absorbed at lower frequencies and potentially gamma-ray opaque. We perform an analysis of the population, as well as analyses of individual, selected sources. We do not observe a significant signal from the stacked population. TXS 0506+056 is found as the most significant, individual source, though this detection is not globally significant in our analysis of selected active galactic nuclei. Our results suggest that the majority of millimeter-bright blazars are neutrino dim. In general, it is possible that many blazars have lighter, leptonic jets, or that only selected blazars provide exceptional conditions for neutrino production.
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