PARKINSON'S DISEASE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, CLINICAL FEATURES, DIAGNOSIS, AND EMERGING THERAPIES

Abstract: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide and represents a major cause of disability among older adults. It is characterized primarily by progressive motor dysfunction resulting from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra of the midbrain. In addition to its classical motor manifestations, Parkinson’s disease is associated with a wide range of non-motor symptoms that significantly affect quality of life. Although the exact etiology remains incompletely understood, substantial progress has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying disease development. Advances in neuroimaging, biomarker research, genetics, and therapeutic innovation have improved diagnostic accuracy and expanded treatment possibilities. This article reviews the molecular pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and emerging therapeutic strategies for Parkinson’s disease.

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