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Recalibration of the Sunspot-Number: Status Report

F. CletteWorld Data Center SILSO, Royal Observatory of Belgium, 3 avenue Circulaire, 1180, Brussels, BelgiumLaure LefèvreWorld Data Center SILSO, Royal Observatory of Belgium, 3 avenue Circulaire, 1180, Brussels, BelgiumTheodosios ChatzistergosMax Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Justus-von-Liebig-weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, GermanyHisashi HayakawaSpace Physics and Operations Division, RAL Space, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UKV. M. S. CarrascoDepartamento de Física, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006, Badajoz, SpainR. ArltLeibniz-Institut f. Astrophysik Potsdam, An der Sternwarte 16, 14482, Potsdam, GermanyE. W. CliverNational Solar Observatory, 3665 Discovery Drive, 3rd Floor, Boulder, CO, 80303, USAT. Dudok de WitLaboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement et de l’EspaceT. K. FriedliNina KarachikUlugh Beg Astronomical Institute, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, 33 Astronomicheskaya str., 100052, Tashkent, UzbekistanGreg KoppLaboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, 3665 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO, 80303, USAM. LockwoodDepartment of Meteorology, University of Reading, Earley Gate, PO Box 243, Reading, RG6 6BB, UKSophie MathieuISBA/LIDAM, UCLouvain, Pl. de l’Université 1, 1348, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, BelgiumAndrés Muñoz‐JaramilloDivision of Solar System Science, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USAM. J. OwensDepartment of Meteorology, University of Reading, Earley Gate, PO Box 243, Reading, RG6 6BB, UKW. D. PesnellCode 671, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USAAlexei PevtsovNational Solar Observatory, 3665 Discovery Drive, 3rd Floor, Boulder, CO, 80303, USALeif SvalgaardHansen Experimental Physics Lab, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USAIlya UsoskinSpace Physics and Astronomy Research Unit and Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, FinlandL. van Driel‐GesztelyiMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UKJ. M. VaqueroDepartamento de Física, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006, Badajoz, Spain

Solar Physicsjournal2023en

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Abstract We report progress on the ongoing recalibration of the Wolf sunspot number ( $S_{\mathrm{N}}$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math> ) and group-sunspot number ( $G_{\mathrm{N}}$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>G</mml:mi><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math> ) following the release of version 2.0 of $S_{\mathrm{N}}$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math> in 2015. This report constitutes both an update of the efforts reported in the 2016 Topical Issue of Solar Physics and a summary of work by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) International Team formed in 2017 to develop optimal $S_{\mathrm{N}}$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math> and $G_{\mathrm{N}}$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>G</mml:mi><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math> reconstruction methods while continuing to expand the historical sunspot-number database. Significant progress has been made on the database side while more work is needed to bring the various proposed $S_{\mathrm{N}}$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math> and (primarily) $G_{\mathrm{N}}$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>G</mml:mi><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math> reconstruction methods closer to maturity, after which the new reconstructions (or combinations thereof) can be compared with (a) “benchmark” expectations for any normalization scheme (e.g., a general increase in observer normalization factors going back in time), and (b) independent proxy data series such as F10.7 and the daily range of variations of Earth’s undisturbed magnetic field. New versions of the underlying databases for $S_{\mathrm{N}}$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math> and $G_{\mathrm{N}}$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>G</mml:mi><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math> will shortly become available for years through 2022 and we anticipate the release of the next versions of these two time series in 2024.

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Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics Geophysics and Gravity Measurements Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics

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DOI: 10.1007/s11207-023-02136-3

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