Rapidity and Energy Dependencies of Temperatures and Volume Extracted from Identified Charged Hadron Spectra in Proton–Proton Collisions at a Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS)

The standard (Bose–Einstein/Fermi–Dirac, or Maxwell–Boltzmann) distribution from the relativistic ideal gas model is used to study the transverse momentum (pT) spectra of identified charged hadrons (π−, π+, K−, K+, p¯, and p) with different rapidities produced in inelastic proton–proton (pp) collisions at a Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). The experimental data measured using the NA61/SHINE Collaboration at the center-of-mass (c.m.) energies s=6.3, 7.7, 8.8, 12.3, and 17.3 GeV are fitted well with the distribution. It is shown that the effective temperature (Teff or T), kinetic freeze-out temperature (T0), and initial temperature (Ti) decrease with the increase in rapidity and increase with the increase in c.m. energy. The kinetic freeze-out volume (V) extracted from the π−, π+, K−, K+, and p¯ spectra decreases with the rapidity and increase with the c.m. energy. The opposite tendency of V, extracted from the p spectra, is observed to be increasing with the rapidity and decreasing with the c.m. energy due to the effect of leading protons.

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