The variability patterns of the TeV blazar PG 1553 + 113 from a decade of MAGIC and multiband observations
Hidetarô AbeJapanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba , JapanS. AbeJapanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba , JapanJ. AbhirETH Zürich , CH-8093 Zürich , SwitzerlandV. A. AcciariInstituto de Astrofísica de CanariasI. AgudoInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC , Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada , SpainT. AnielloNational Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome , ItalyStefano Ansoldialso at International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics (ICRA), Rome, ItalyL. A. AntonelliNational Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome , ItalyA. Arbet EngelsMax-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München , GermanyCornelia ArcaroIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di PadovaManuel ArteroInstitut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) , SpainKatsuaki AsanoJapanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba , JapanDominik BaackTechnische Universität Dortmund , D-44221 Dortmund , GermanyA. BabićCroatian MAGIC Group: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (FER) , 10000 Zagreb , CroatiaAndrés BaqueroIPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid , SpainU. Barres de AlmeidaCentro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF) , 22290-180 URCA, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) , BrazilIvana BatkovićIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di PadovaJ. BaxterJapanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba , JapanJ. Becerra GonzálezInstituto de Astrofísica de CanariasE. BernardiniINFN, Università di Padova , I-35131 Padova , ItalyJ. BerneteCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas , E-28040 Madrid , SpainA. BertiMax-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München , GermanyJürgen BesenriederMax-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München , GermanyC. BigongiariNational Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome , ItalyA. BilandETH Zürich , CH-8093 Zürich , SwitzerlandO. BlanchInstitut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) , SpainG. BonnoliNational Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome , ItalyŽ. BošnjakCroatian MAGIC Group: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (FER) , 10000 Zagreb , CroatiaIrene BurelliINFN Trieste, Università di Udine , I-33100 Udine , ItalyG. BusettoIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di PadovaA. Campoy-OrdazDepartament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , E-08193 Bellaterra , SpainA. CarosiNational Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome , ItalyR. CarosiINFN Pisa, Università di Pisa , I-56126 Pisa , ItalyM. Carretero-CastrilloICCUB, IEEC-UB, Universitat de Barcelona , E-08028 Barcelona , SpainA. J. Castro‐TiradoInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC , Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada , SpainYating ChaiMax-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München , GermanyA. CifuentesCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas , E-28040 Madrid , SpainS. CikotaCroatian MAGIC Group: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (FER) , 10000 Zagreb , CroatiaE. ColomboInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife , SpainJ. L. ContrerasIPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid , SpainJ. CortinaCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas , E-28040 Madrid , SpainS. CovinoNational Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome , ItalyGiacomo D’AmicoDepartment for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen , 5007 Bergen , NorwayV. D’EliaNational Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome , ItalyP. Da VelaIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di PisaF. DazziNational Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome , ItalyA. De AngelisIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di PadovaB. De LottoINFN Trieste, Università di Udine , I-33100 Udine , ItalyA Del PopoloIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di CataniaM. DelfinoPort d’Informació Científica (PIC) , E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) , SpainJ. DelgadoPort d’Informació Científica (PIC) , E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) , SpainC. Delgado MendezCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas , E-28040 Madrid , SpainDavide DepaoliUniversity of TurinF. Di PierroUniversity of TurinL. Di VenerePolytechnic University of BariD. Dominis PresterCroatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka, Faculty of Physics , 51000 Rijeka , CroatiaAlice DoniniNational Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome , ItalyD. DornerETH Zürich , CH-8093 Zürich , SwitzerlandM. DoroIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di PadovaD. ElsäesserHans-Haffner-Sternwarte, Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG , Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg , GermanyGabriel EmeryUniversity of Geneva , Chemin d’Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix , SwitzerlandJuan EscuderoInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC , Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada , SpainL. FariñaInstitut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) , SpainAlicia FattoriniTechnische Universität Dortmund , D-44221 Dortmund , GermanyL. FoffanoNational Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome , ItalyL. FontDepartament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , E-08193 Bellaterra , SpainSatoshi FukamiETH Zürich , CH-8093 Zürich , SwitzerlandY. FukazawaJapanese MAGIC Group: Physics Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University , 739-8526 Hiroshima , JapanR. J. Garcı́a LópezInstituto de Astrofísica de CanariasSargis GasparyanArmenian MAGIC Group: ICRANet-Armenia , 0019 Yerevan , ArmeniaM. GaugDepartament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , E-08193 Bellaterra , SpainJ. G. Giesbrecht PaivaCentro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF) , 22290-180 URCA, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) , BrazilN. GigliettoPolytechnic University of BariF. GiordanoPolytechnic University of BariPaweł GliwnyFaculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, University of Lodz , 90-236 Lodz , PolandR. GrauInstitut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) , SpainJarred Gershon GreenMax-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München , GermanyD. HadaschJapanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba , JapanA. HahnMax-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München , GermanyLea HeckmannInstitute for Astro- and Particle Physics, University of Innsbruck , A-6020 Innsbruck , AustriaJ. HerreraInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife , SpainT. HovattaFinnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku , FinlandDario HrupecCroatian MAGIC Group: Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Physics , 31000 Osijek , CroatiaMoritz HüttenJapanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba , JapanRyo ImazawaJapanese MAGIC Group: Physics Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University , 739-8526 Hiroshima , JapanTomohiro InadaJapanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba , JapanRoman IotovUniversität Würzburg , D-97074 Würzburg , GermanyKazuma IshioFaculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, University of Lodz , 90-236 Lodz , PolandIrene Jiménez MartínezCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas , E-28040 Madrid , SpainJenni JormanainenTurku Centre for Computer ScienceD. KerszbergInstitut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) , SpainGert Werner KlugeDepartment for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen , 5007 Bergen , NorwayYukiyasu KobayashiJapanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba , JapanPouya M. KouchFinnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku , FinlandH. KuboJapanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba , JapanJ. KushidaJapanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Tokai University , Hiratsuka, 259-1292 Kanagawa , JapanM. Láinez LezáunIPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid , SpainA. LamastraNational Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome , ItalyF. LeoneNational Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome , ItalyE. LindforsTurku Centre for Computer Science
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ABSTRACT PG 1553 + 113 is one of the few blazars with a convincing quasi-periodic emission in the gamma-ray band. The source is also a very high energy (VHE; >100 GeV) gamma-ray emitter. To better understand its properties and identify the underlying physical processes driving its variability, the MAGIC Collaboration initiated a multiyear, multiwavelength monitoring campaign in 2015 involving the OVRO 40-m and Medicina radio telescopes, REM, KVA, and the MAGIC telescopes, Swift and Fermi satellites, and the WEBT network. The analysis presented in this paper uses data until 2017 and focuses on the characterization of the variability. The gamma-ray data show a (hint of a) periodic signal compatible with literature, but the X-ray and VHE gamma-ray data do not show statistical evidence for a periodic signal. In other bands, the data are compatible with the gamma-ray period, but with a relatively high p-value. The complex connection between the low- and high-energy emission and the non-monochromatic modulation and changes in flux suggests that a simple one-zone model is unable to explain all the variability. Instead, a model including a periodic component along with multiple emission zones is required.
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