Advancements and Challenges in Wearable PPG Sensors for Continuous Cardiovascular Disease Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review

A straightforward and inexpensive optical nonsurgical technology, PPG(Photoplethysmography) is often used to monitor volumetric changes in blood in the peripheral circulation of humans. It utilizes a luminous source and a light detector at the surface of the skin. In the past few years, a thriving interest has been seen in many researchers around the world in extracting more relevant information from the PPG signal. The second derivative wave of the Photoplethysmography signal offers vital information on the subject's health. Therefore, examination of this waveform may assist doctors and researchers in diagnosing a variety of cardiovascular conditions, such as atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness, which affect the cardiovascular system. Investigating the Photoplethysmography signal's second derivative wave also helps in the early identification and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, some of which may not manifest themselves until later stages. Uninterrupted and instantaneous monitoring is an essential comfort that has been made possible because of current technological advancements in sensor technology and wireless networks. This monitoring method allows for early diagnosis and analysis of diseases of this kind. The purpose of this article is first to take a cursory look at some of the recent advancements in wearable PPG-based monitoring technologies as well as some of the issues that come along with them, and pointing some of the possible uses of this technology in clinical settings.

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