The persistent shadow of the supermassive black hole of M87
Kazunori AkiyamaMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA, 01886, USAEzequiel Albentosa-RuízDepartament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, SpainA. AlberdiInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainW. AlefMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyJuan Carlos AlgabaDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaRichard AnantuaBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USAKeiichi AsadaAcademia Sinica, TaiwanRebecca AzulayBonn, Max Planck Inst., RadioastronU. BachMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyAnne-Kathrin BaczkoDepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, SwedenDavid BallSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USAMislav BalokovićYale Ctr. Astron. AstrophysB. BandyopadhyayAstronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, ChileJ. BarrettMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA, 01886, USAMichi BauböckDepartment of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USAB. A. BensonChicago U., Astron. Astrophys. CtrDan BintleyEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI, 96720, USALindy BlackburnHarvard U. (main)R. BlundellCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USAKatherine L. BoumanCalifornia Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USAGeoffrey C. BowerGemini Observ., HiloMichael BremerInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceRoger BrissendenHarvard-Smithsonian Ctr. AstrophysS. BritzenMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyAvery E. BroderickPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, CanadaDominique BroguièreInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceThomas BronzwaerDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsSandra BustamanteMassachusetts U., AmherstJ. E. CarlstromChicago U., KICPAndrew ChaelPrinceton Gravity Initiative, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USAChi‐kwan ChanProgram in Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, 617 N. Santa Rita, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USADominic O. ChangCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USAKoushik ChatterjeeCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USAShami ChatterjeeCornell U., Radio. Space Res. CtrMing‐Tang ChenGemini Observ., HiloYongjun ChenShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai, 200030, PR ChinaXiaopeng ChengKASI, DaeJeonIlje ChoInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainPierre ChristianPhysics Department, Fairfield University, 1073 North Benson Road, Fairfield, CT, 06824, USANicholas S. ConroyCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USAJ. E. ConwayDepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, SwedenThomas M. CrawfordKavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USAG. CrewMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA, 01886, USAAlejandro Cruz-OsorioInstituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apdo Postal 70-264 Ciudad de México, MexicoYuzhu CuiResearch Center for Astronomical Computing, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311100, People’s Republic of ChinaBrandon CurdCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USARohan DahaleGranada U., Theor. Phys. AstrophysJordy DavelaarDepartment of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USAMariafelicia De LaurentisDipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, ItalyRoger DeanePretoria UJessica DempseyEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI, 96720, USAG. DesvignesLaboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysiqueJason DexterColorado UVedant DhruvDepartment of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USAIndu K. DihingiaTsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shengrong Road 520, Shanghai, 201210, People’s Republic of ChinaSheperd S. DoelemanHarvard U. (main)Sergio A. DzibIRAM, St. Martin d'HeresRalph P. EatoughNational Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, PR ChinaRazieh EmamiCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USAH. FalckeDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsJoseph FarahDepartment of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9530, USAVincent L. FishMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA, 01886, USAE. B. FomalontNational Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USAH. Alyson FordSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USAMarianna FoschiGranada U., Theor. Phys. AstrophysRaquel Fraga-EncinasDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsWilliam T. FreemanDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32-D476, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USAPer FribergJames Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI, 96720, USAChristian M. FrommInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyAntonio FuentesInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainPeter GalisonBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USACharles F. GammieDepartment of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USARoberto GarcíaIRAM, St. Martin d'HeresOlivier GentazIRAM, St. Martin d'HeresBoris GeorgievArizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward ObservC. GoddiDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, SP Monserrato-Sestu km 0.7, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), ItalyRoman GoldInstitute for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, Heidelberg, 69120, GermanyArturo I. Gómez-RuizInstituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000 Puebla Pue., MexicoJosé L. GómezGranada U., Theor. Phys. AstrophysMinfeng GuShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai, 200030, PR ChinaMark GurwellCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USAKazuhiro HadaMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate, 023-0861, JapanDaryl HaggardDepartment of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2T8, CanadaRonald HesperGroningen UDirk HeumannSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USALuis C. HoDepartment of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR ChinaPaul T. P. HoEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI, 96720, USAMareki HonmaKASI, DaeJeonChih-Wei L. HuangInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 106216, Taiwan, ROCLei 磊 Huang 黄Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai, 200030, PR ChinaD. H. HughesInstituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000 Puebla Pue., MexicoShiro IkedaKavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-8583, JapanC. M. Violette ImpellizzeriNational Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USAMakoto InoueInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 106216, Taiwan, ROCSara IssaounHarvard-Smithsonian Ctr. AstrophysD. J. JamesASTRAVEO LLC, PO Box 1668 Gloucester, MA, 01931, USABuell T. JannuziSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USAMichaël JanssenDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsBritton JeterInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 106216, Taiwan, ROCWu JiangShanghai, Astron. Observ
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The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observation of M87 ∗ in 2018 has revealed a ring with a diameter that is consistent with the 2017 observation. The brightest part of the ring is shifted to the southwest from the southeast. In this paper, we provide theoretical interpretations for the multi-epoch EHT observations for M87 ∗ by comparing a new general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics model image library with the EHT observations for M87 ∗ in both 2017 and 2018. The model images include aligned and tilted accretion with parameterized thermal and nonthermal synchrotron emission properties. The 2018 observation again shows that the spin vector of the M87 ∗ supermassive black hole is pointed away from Earth. A shift of the brightest part of the ring during the multi-epoch observations can naturally be explained by the turbulent nature of black hole accretion, which is supported by the fact that the more turbulent retrograde models can explain the multi-epoch observations better than the prograde models. The EHT data are inconsistent with the tilted models in our model image library. Assuming that the black hole spin axis and its large-scale jet direction are roughly aligned, we expect the brightest part of the ring to be most commonly observed 90 deg clockwise from the forward jet. This prediction can be statistically tested through future observations.
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