Analysis of Regional Differences in Living Standards and Economic Growth using Neuro-Explicit Clustering Algorithms (On the Example of Kashkadarya Region)

Second, the relative levels of living standards and economic growth may be more nonlinear than what a standard model can depict. This study examines the relationship between living standards and economic growth in Kashkadarya region of Uzbekistan (2010–2025) using Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). Three indicators — Income Index, Infrastructure Index, and Digital Infrastructure Index — were used to model economic growth. The paper identifies three distinct stages of digital infrastructure development in the region and shows that digital infrastructure, especially combined with income growth, is a key driver of economic growth. The relationship was modeled with an R² of 0.977 by ANFIS.

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